A land of diversity

选修 8 Unit 1 A land of diversity
核心单词
1. distinction
n. 差别；区分；卓著
常用结构：
make a distinction between 对……加以区分
win a distinction for 因……而获功勋
without distinction 无差别地；一视同仁地
联想拓展
distinct adj. 清晰的；明显的；明确的
be distinct in ...from ... 在某方面与……不同
（as）distinct from ... 与……不同（的）
He has a distinct gift for drawing.他有很明显的绘画天赋。
You should make your writing distinct.
你应该把字写清楚。

高手过招
翻译句子 （原创）
①There is a distinct possibility that she’ll be your teacher next term.
②Those two ideas are quite distinct from each other.
答案： ①她下学期当你们老师的可能性非常大。
②那两种观点截然不同。

2. means
n. 手段；方法（单数和复数形式相同）
常用结构：
by means of 用……办法；借助……
by all means 一定，务必；好的，当然可以
by no means 决不，一点也不（位于句首时，句子用部分倒装）
by every means 用尽一切可能的办法
易混辨析
means/way/method
means指“方法、方式、工具”，着重于具体的手段（单复数形式相同）。
way指“一般的方法、方式或个人的特殊方法、方式”，与技巧或效果的好坏无关。
method指“有系统的、有效率的精心拟定的方法”，也可以指抽象概念“条理”。
a way to do sth.／a way of doing sth./a method of doing sth. 做……的方法
in this way/with the method/by this means 用这种／些方法
by the way 顺便问一下
on one’ s way to ... 在去……的路上
in the way 挡住路
温馨提示
means作主语且有every, each等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数；有some, several, many, few等词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。Radio and television are important means of communication.
无线电和电视是重要的通信手段。
Please find an alternative means of transport.
请另外找一种运输方式。
Every means has been tried. 每种方法都试过了。
All means have been tried. 所有方法都试过了。
She could not speak, but made her wishes known by means of signs.她不会说话，但她用手势表达了她的愿望。
高手过招
(1)单项填空
—ay I have a look at your book?
— . （2010•01•江苏南京检测）
A. By this means B. By all means
C. By this way D. By any means
（2）翻译句子 （原创）
①这绝非解决问题的良计。
②他借助一根绳子慢慢地下了。
解析： (1) 选B。by all means意为“一定；当然可以”，符合句意。
(2)①This is by no means a good way to solve the problem.
②He let himself down slowly by means of a rope.

3. majority
n. 大多数；大半
A/The majority of doctors agree that smoking is extremely harmful to health.
大多数医生认为吸烟对健康极为有害。
The majority was/were in favour of the proposal.
多数人赞成这个建议。
常用结构：
be in the/a majority 构成大部分/大多数
a majority over sb. 超过对方的票数
联想拓展
major adj.&n. 较大的；主要的；主修，专攻
minority adj.&n. 少数；少数民族；未成年
高手过招
(1)单项填空
Every means been tried and all well no
A. have; go B. has; go
C. has; goes D. have; goes
（2）完成句子 （原创）
English speakers form the (大多数) of the population.
(3)用适当的介词填空
①Among the members of the committee those who favour the changes are the majority.
②They had a large majority the other party at the last election.
(4)用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
①The majority of people (prefer) peace to war.
②The majority of the damage (be) easy to repair.
解析：(1) 选B。 考查means作主语时谓语动词的形式。means意为“方式，方法”，单复数形式相同，被every修饰时谓语动词用单数形式；被all修饰时谓语动词用复数形式。
(2)ajority (3) ①in ②over
(4) ①prefer/prefers ②is
4. occur
vi. 发生；存在；出现
常用结构：
occur to (主意或想法突然)浮现于脑中;被想起，被想到
it occurs to sb. to do sth. 使某人想到做某事
it occurs to sb. that ... 某人想到……
Just then an idea occurred to me. 就在那时我想起了一个主意。
It suddenly occurred to me that I had left my umbrella upstairs.我突然想到我把伞忘在楼上了。
易混辨析
happen/occur/take place
happen是一般用语，尤其指偶然发生，表示“碰巧、恰好”的意思。
occur 言意味较浓,常指某特定事物的发生，也可以表示某种想法出现在人的头脑中。
take place 指事先或预料到的“发生”，此外还有“举行”的意思。
New things are happening all around us.
新事物在我们周围不断发生。
The explosion occurred at 5:30 a.m.
爆炸发生在早上5点30分。
When will the basketball game take place?
篮球赛何时举行？
高手过招
单项填空
It suddenly to the detective that the millionaire was probably murdered by his own daughter.
（2010•01•安徽合肥检测）
Happened B. occurred C. thought D. took place
解析：选B。由空格后的to可知，选B。occur to 一个想法突然呈现……。
5. indicate
vt. 指出；标示；表明；暗示
I asked him where my sister was and he indicated the shop opposite.我问他我姐姐在哪，他指了指对面的商店。
Research indicates that men find it easier to give up smoking than women.研究显示男人比女人更容易戒烟。
常用结构：
indicate sth. (to sb.)
向（某人）表示某事；把……指给（某人）看
indicate that ...表示……；示意……
联想拓展
indication n. 指出；表明
indicative adj.指示的；暗示的
高手过招
完成句子 （原创）
①The government has (表明) that it intends to cut taxes.
②A flashing red light (标示) that a stretch of road was undergoing repairs.
③There is every (表明) of a change in the weather.
答案： ①indicated ② indicated ③indication
重点短语
6. live on
继续存在；继续生存
She lived on for many years after her husband died.
丈夫死后她继续活了许多年。
联想拓展
live on sth. 以某物为食；靠某种经济生活
live by doing sth. 靠做某事为生
live for sth. 以某事物为生活目标
live through sth. 经历某事物而幸存
live up to sth.
依照某事物行事；表现出符合某事物的标准
live with sth. 接受或容忍某现象
live to be... = live to the age of... 活到……岁
live a... life 过着……的生活
高手过招
用live的相关短语填空 （原创）
①The lonely old man charity.
②ozart was dead but his music .
③y grandfather both world wars.
④We should work hard and try to our parents’ expectations.
⑤The brave girl is learning to her disability.
答案：① lives on ② lives on ③ lived through
④ live up to ⑤ live with
7. team up with
（与某人）一起工作（尤指为共同目标）；与……合作
The two companies have teamed up to develop a new racing car.那两个公司已合作研制新型赛车。
高手过招
完成句子 （原创）
He (与某人一起合作) his brother in the doubles.
答案： teamed/teams up with
8. mark out
划线；标出……的界线
They marked out the tennis court with white paint.
他们用白漆标出了网球场的界线。
Some of the best pupils have been marked out for special training.已经选出几名出色的学生进行专门训练。
联想拓展
mark sb. out for sth. 选出/选定某人做某事
mark down 写下，记下；降低……的价格
mark up 标出；提高……的价格
mark in 加画；绘入
mark out for 看中；选定
Just a moment. Let me mark down your name and address.等一下，让我把你的姓名和地址记下。
Some shops marked up the goods unfairly.
有几家商店的货价提高得不合理。
He marked the book down to 49 cents.
他把书的标价降为49分。
高手过招
翻译句子 （原创）
①他被选定担当更高的职位。
②我把那一点记在我的笔记本上。
答案：①He was marked out for a higher position.
②I marked that down in my notebook.

9. take in
包括；吸收；接纳；欺骗
The students find it easy to take in what you teach.
学生们发现你讲很容易理解。
He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in.
他没地方可以睡觉，于是我们就提出让他留宿。
联想拓展
take apart 拆开；剖析，抨击(论点等)
take down 拿下，取下；拆卸；记下
take back 取回，带回；收回说过的话；使……回忆 起昔日
take care of 照料；保管
take up 开始从事；占用(时间或空间)；着手处理
take medicine 服药
take it easy 别紧张，慢慢
take over 继承；接收，接管
take off 脱下(衣服等)；起飞
take on 承担，从事；呈现
take one? s place 入座；代替某人的位置
take one? s time 不急，慢慢干
高手过招
用take的相关短语填空 （原创）
①Don’ t be by his promises.
②Who do you think will now that the governor has been dismissed?
③These boxes of yours are too much space.
④I was really when seeing old photos.
⑤Dear ladies and gentlemen，please now .The opera is soon to begin.
⑥Tom carefully what the teacher said.
答案： ①taken in ②take over ③taking up
④taken back ⑤take your place
⑥took down
重点句型
10. Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows.
最早一批人具体是在什么时候到我们现在了解的加利福尼亚地区的，谁也说不清楚。
what we now know as California是一个由what引导的名词性从句，作arrive in的宾语, what是复合关系代词，相当于the thing(s) that。因此，在名词性从句中可以用the thing(s) that取代的，只能用what。
联想拓展
①名词性从句中what与that的区别：that在名词性从句中不作句子成分，what必须作句子成分。
②名词性从句中what与which的区别：指代前已经提到过的对象或范围时，用which，否则用what。
What he said sounds reasonable.
他说的听起有道理。(what作said的宾语)
That our team has won the game has been proved.
已经证实我们队赢得了比赛。
(that在主语从句中不作句子成分)
There are many books available. I don? t knohich to read.有许多书可供阅读，但我不知道读哪一本。
(which指的是前提到的books中的一本)
What book do you want to buy?
你想买哪种书？(没有提及买什么书或哪一类书)
高手过招
选词填空（that/what） （原创）
①This is he wanted.
②This is the thing he wanted.
③She is no longer she used to be.
④She is no longer the person she used to be.
答案： ①what ②that ③what ④that


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