逍遥右脑 2010-03-14 10:07
1. 掌握技巧——如何写好篇章结构
2. 巧用连接词——连接上下文的关键
3. 落实基础——句型练习
（一）写作基础讲解与练习：
掌握如何写好篇章的技巧：
（1）注意篇章结构，合理布局
开始部分（opening paragraph）——说出文中的要点、核心问题。
正文部分（Body paragraphs）——围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。
结尾部分（concluding paragraphs）——对全文的总结和概括。
要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系，内容完整、连贯。前后呼应，祛除与主题无关的内容。
（2）确定主题句
主题句是对全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头，而后，全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释，扩展。
写主题句应注意以下几点：
①归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点
②提炼出一句具有概括性的话
③主题句应具有可读性，抓住、吸引读者。
下面我们通过例子来学习、体会“主题句”
［范例1］
Something unpleasant happened to us on our way to the beach. In the morning, while we were waiting to buy train tickets in the railway station, a bus driver came over to us. He told us he also was going to the beach, the ride was cheap, and the bus was air-conditioned. We felt grateful and got on his bus. As we were talking happily on the way, the bus suddenly stopped. The driver said he needed two hours to repair the engine. While he was working on the engine, he turned off the air-conditioner. He actually took four hours to finish his job, and we spent the whole morning sweating in the heat!
［范例2］
I am an active boy and I talk more than listen. When I talk with my friends, I’m always ready to express myself. I’m not afraid to tell others what I think. I am usually the focus of the attention because I often have lots of ideas that interest everyone. In my opinion, people should share and exchange each other’s ideas. But when I am with the quiet people, I feel the air is frozen. I’m always trying to find a topic and start a conversation. In this way, people will like me and feel happy.
In a word, I am optimistic and active and I can make everybody as confident as me.
（二）巧用连接词——连接上下文的关键
要想使文章有整体性、连贯性，就要学会正确使用连接词
下面请你认真学习并学会运用下列常见连接词
表示罗列增加
First, second, third,
First, then / next, after that / next, finally
For one thing … for another…,
On (the) one hand…on the other hand,
Besides / what’s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also,
Especially / In particular,
表示时间顺序
now, at present, recently,
after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,
at first, in the beginning, to begin with,
later, next, finally,
immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment
form now on, from then on,
at the same time, meanwhile,
till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during,
表示解释说明
now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover
furthermore, in fact, actually
表示转折关系
but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other
hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except (for), instead, of course, after all,
表示并列关系
or, and, also, too, not only … but also, as well as, both… and, either …or, neither …nor
表示因果关系
because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to…, due to…, therefore, as a result (of), otherwise, so…that, such…that
表示条件关系
as (so) long as, on condition that, if, unless
表示让步关系
though, although, as, even if, even though, whether …or…, however, whoever,
whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when, whom)
表示举例
for example, for instance, such as…, take… for example
表示比较
be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with (to)…just like, just as,
表示目的
for this reason,, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to,
表示强调
in deed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly,
obviously, above all,
表示概括归纳
in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I know, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in summary, in conclusion,
（三）掌握常用句型：
1. in order to
为了实现他的梦想，他学习非常努力。
He worked very hard in order to realize his dream.
他尽最大可能攒钱来负担他大学一年级的学费。
He was saving as much as possible in order to pay for his fresh year in the university.
2. in order that
她拼命干活以便到六点时把一切都准备就绪。
She worked hard in order that everything would be ready by 6 o’clock..
他随身带了几本书以便在漫长的旅途中不会太无聊。
He took some books with him in order that he would not get bored during the long journey.
3. so…that
无论遇到什么问题，他总是先想到自己。他太自私了，一直没有人愿意与他共事。
No matter what problem he faces, he always thinks about himself first. He is so selfish that nobody wants to work with him
他们太累了，除了伸懒腰什么都做不了了。
They were all so tired that they could do nothing but yawn.
4. such…that
他关窗户特别使劲以至于玻璃都碎了。
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.
天气非常冷，以致于街上一个人都没有。
It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.
5. would rather do…than do
他宁愿听他人讲而不愿自己说。
He would rather listen to others than talk himself.
6. prefer doing to doing
他在办公室的时候，他总是愿找些事做而不愿意闲着。
While he was in the office, he preferred doing something to doing nothing.
他宁愿在精心准备后去做报告。
He prefers making speeches after careful preparation.
7. prefer to do…rather than do
比起女人，男人总是宁可在家睡觉也不愿花那么多时间来购物。
Compared with women, men always prefer to sleep at home rather than spend so much time shopping.
Tom 宁可工作到很晚来完成工作也不把它留到第二天去做。
Tom prefers to stay up late to finish the work rather than leave it done the next day.
8. not only…but also
在短短的三年的时间里她不但完成了所有课程，而且还获得了博士学位。
In just three years, she had not only finished all the lessons, but also received her doctor’s degree.
森林不但可以净化空气，而且可以减少噪音。
Forests can not only fresh the air but also reduce noises.
9. either…or
如果考试过关，你可以买一个MP3或去云南玩一趟。
You could either buy an MP3 or go to Yunnan for a visit if you pass the exam.
不是小偷就是守门人把画拿走了。
Either the thief or the gatekeeper took the picture away.
10. Neither…nor
我和他都不知道老人怎么了。
Neither he nor I know what happened to the old man.
他是一个无聊的人，既不爱娱乐，也不爱读书。
He is a boring man. He likes neither entertainment nor reading.
11. as well as
足球和电脑游戏一样深受青年喜爱。
Football as well as computer games is pupular with young people.
他善良又乐于助人。
He was kind as well as helpful.
12. …as well
图书管理除了一些文学书籍，还有大量的杂志。
Apart from many literature books, there are quite a few magazines in our library as well.
这个小孩活泼又可爱。
The child is active and funny as well.
13. One…the other
你看见桌子上有两只笔吗？一支是红色的，另一支是黑色的。
Have you seen two pens on the desk? One is red, the other is black.
我昨天买了两张CD，一个是Backstreets Boys的，另一个是Coco Li的。
I got two CDs yesterday. One is of Backstreet Boys, the other is of Coco Li.
14. Some…others
每个人都很忙，有些在读书，有些在写作。
Everyone is busy in classroom. Some are reading, others are writing.
我们班有许多外国学生，一些来自欧洲，一些来自美洲。
There are many foreign students in our class. Some of them are from Europe, others come from America.
15. make…+adj /n
北京拥有一千三百万人口，使它成为中国最大的城市之一。
Beijing has a population of 13 million, making it one of the largest cities in China.
我们所做的可以让世界更美丽。
What we do will make the world more beautiful.
16. not…until
直到他告诉我发生的事，我才了解真相。
I didn’t know the truth until she told me what happened.
昨天我直到深夜才睡。
Yesterday I didn’t go to sleep until midnight.
17. as if
他夸夸其谈好像什么事都知道。
He talks a lot as if he knows everything.
好像我是第一个到校的人。
It seems as if I am the first one arriving at school.
18. It is no use (good) doing…
没考虑清楚就讲是不好的。
It’s no good talking without thinking carefully.
假装不懂规则是行不通的。
It’s no use pretending that you didn’t know the rules.
19. find it + adj to do…
我觉得作听力时有必要作笔记。
I find it necessary to take down notes while listening.
我认为有工作经验很重要。
I feel it important to have some working experience.
我要在这么短的时间内做完所有的题是不可能的。
I found it impossible for me to work out all the problems in such a short time.
20. It is + time since…
我从这所学校毕业已经十年了。
It is ten years since I graduated from this school.
我已经有两年没见他了。
It is two years since I last met him.
21. It is + time when…
我到电影院时已经八点钟了。
It was 8 o’clock when I got to the cinema.
我离开医院时已经是半夜了。
It was midnight when I left the hospital.
22. It is + time before…
不久我们就会再见面的。
I won’t be long before we can meet again.
两年之后我们才能知道它是否有效。
It will be two years before we know whether it is effective.
23. It is…that…
我最珍视的是友谊。
It is friendship that I value most.
直到许多小工厂关闭了，这条河才又变得清澈起来。
It was not until the small factories were shut down that the river became clean again.
24. It is + n / adj + that / to do…
每个人都必须懂得如何使用计算机
It is a must that everybody should know how to use computers.
能够使用电脑对我们很方便。
It is convenient for us to be able to use computers.