逍遥右脑 2014-04-01 12:51
命题特点：
考点点击：英语中的书面表达就是利用书面形式进行语言交际，是考查学生的英语表达能力的一个重要方法。学生要在大约25分钟的时间内完成一篇100词左右的文章。
命题角度：近几年的英语作文内容往往涉及到日常生活和一般外事活动，从命题角度看，越来越多地需要学生能够进行独立思考，灵活运用语言的能力。
命题范围：高考作文中所提供的方式有图画、图表、提纲、短文等。体裁形式有记叙文、描写文、说明文、议论文和各种应用文。近几年的高考主要以记叙文、夹叙夹议类写作、地理方位变化以及对比类写作等为主。
考点要求：考生要根据所给的情景和要求表达意义，要达到切中题意，文理通顺 ，语言使用恰当，语句结构通顺，拼写正确，书写工整，卷面整洁，单词总数适当等诸方面的要求。
写作焦点：对比类写作
对比类写作是近几年高考写作中的一个重要的考查形式。我们先来关注一下近几年此类写作的考查内容。
1999年
根据所给图画介绍学校发生的变化
2001年
比较学校减负前后学生生活学习发生的变化
2002年
对“公园要不要收门票”的两种观点的对比
2014年春考（北京）
根据图画所提供的人民生活过去二十年和现在人们生活的对比。
不管是在人们生活中还是在学生学习中，对比已经是人们分析问题和解决问题的重要方法和手段，这就不难想象“对比类写作”在考试中占有重要地位的原因了。
对比类写作的基本特点：
1. 文章条理性很强，层次分明，语言简洁，用词准确。
2. 常用时态：一般过去时；一般现在时；现在完成时；
3. 语态常用被动语态，有时用虚拟语气。
4. 对比类写作一般有两种方式：
(1)集中比较或对比（集中说明一个对象的诸种特征）
(2)逐点比较或对比（一条一条地说明两者的异同）
5. 常用关联词: compared with…; ;be different from; unlike…; ;on the other hand;
on the contrary; just ;
对比类写作的类型：
1. 今昔对比（1999； 2001年；2014年的高考写作）: 全文时态一般都是现在时和过去时
在写这类作文的时候，开头第一句话很关键。
写作格式：提出的主题句---过去情况的描述--现在情况的描述---总结句
当然，也可以对今、昔进行逐条对比。
2. 正反观点对比（2002年高考写作）：时态一般是同一时态
这类写作是对同一件事情表达出不同的看法，也就是正反两种观点。
写作格式：提出问题---介绍两种不同观点---对两种不同观点的论据逐项进行对比（这里也可以采用先陈述一种观点再陈述另一种观点的方法）---结尾加上自己的观点并阐明理由。
3. 数据分析对比：时态一般是两种：一般现在时和一般过去时
这类对比写作主要是通过对数据的分析比较得出某种结论或说明某种现象。此类作文切忌把所给的数据简单罗列，而关键是要通过对所给数据进行分析比较得出某物增长了多少和减少了多少。最终导致了什么现象，得出什么样的结论。此类文章最好使用逐个比较。
写作格式：提出所要说明的现象--- 数据对比---对出结论。
特别提醒：写作中要注意对比时不要单调地使用同一句型,要稍有变化。并且要注意过渡句的恰当使用。当然，最后的总结句更要写得精彩，也就是根据这种现象做出自己对此类问题的理解和判断。
4. 经典句型：
过去与现在对比常用句型：
I used to read the newspaper, but now I prefer to watch TV.
He liked to collect stamps when he was young, although now he enjoys skiing.
Ten years ago, there was only one middle school here, yet now there are five.
In the past ten years, my hometown has taken on a new look.
In the past ten years, my hometown has greatly changed.
In the past ten years, great changes have taken place in my hometown.
正反观点对比：
We’ve had the discussion about whether….
Opinions are divided on the question. On one hand, ……. On the other hand……
Everything has two sides. In my opinion.
I prefer working indoors as I believe that bad weather will never bother me. While just the opposite, my neighbor enjoys working outdoors.
写作整体框架：
点明主题
详细论述
阐述观点
典例精析：
2002年全国高考题：最近，你校同学正在参加某英文报组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是：公园要不要收门票？请你根据下表所提供的信息，给报社写一封信，客观地介绍讨论情况,并简述你的看法。
60%的同学认为：
40％的同学认为
1．不应收门票
2．公园是公众休闲的地方
3．如收票，需建大门、围墙，会影响城市形象
1．应收门票，但票价不宜高
2．支付园林工人工资
3．购新花木
注意：1.词数：100左右。2．参考词汇：门票－entrance fee
解题思路：
1、 仔细审题，确定文体：属于对比类写作中的正反观点对比、叙议结合
2、 根据对比类写作框架列出主要句型
点明主题：We had a discussion about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.
详细对比：Opinions are divided on the question:
60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fee.
A. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves.
B. It will become do harm to the appearance of a city. （A方观点）
40% of the students are for the idea of entrance fee.
A. The fee can be used to pay gardeners and other workers.
B. The fee can be used to buy plants and trees. （B方观点）
阐述观点：I agree with the opinion that the fees should be charged, however with a reasonable price. （‘我’的观点）
3、 注意细节的描述，有时需要有理由的支撑。这样可以使文章更具有说服力。
例如A 方观点，
60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fee.
A. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves because charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away.
B. It will do harm to the appearance of a city when the walls and gates are built for charging fees.
4、 注意句子的灵活运用：
例如B方观点：
40% of the students are for the idea of entrance fee.
A. The fee can be used to pay gardeners and other workers.
B. The fee can be used to buy plants and trees.
40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers， and to buy plants and young trees. They suggest，however，fees should be charged low.
对于主语一样的两个句子我们就可以用合并句子的方法使得句子变得很简洁明了，干净利落。
5、 注意连接词和过渡词的使用：
整体框架的过渡词的使用：
......主题句…….On one hand, …A方观点…
… On the other hand ….B方观点…
… In short, …‘我’的观点…
表示某一方常用的过渡词有：
And ; moreover; what’s more; besides; furthermore; Meanwhile etc.
双方之间衔接的过渡词有：
However; but; on the other hand; on the contrary; Just the opposite
6、 参考范文：
Dear Editor，
I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we’ve had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.（点题）
Opinions are divided on the question.60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believe a public 学习方法指导 park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls，which will do harm to the appearance of a city.（A方观点）
On the other hand，40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers， and to buy plants and young trees. They suggest，however，fees should be charged low.（B方观点）
Every thing has two sides. In my opinion, the point about that fees should be charged is better as long as the price of the entrance fee is reasonable.
Yours truly，
Li Hua
备考建议：
1. 在“今昔对比”的对比类写作中，一定要把握时态的运用，时态通常是现在时和过去时。
2. 在“正反对比”的对比类写作中，要注意观点鲜明，立场明确，在对立的两种观点中，只能同意其中一种观点，切不可模棱两可，左右摇摆。
3. 在高考写作中充分运用好简单句是很必要的，但要想一下子抓住阅卷老师的心，就要尝试使用复杂句型。因为复杂句型的运用会使得句子变得简洁明了、干净利落。同时也显示了一定的英文功底，但对于英语成绩中等或中等偏下的学生来说，为保险起见，建议多使用简单句，不要弄巧成拙。
4. 在行文中，要注意连接词和过渡词的运用，这样会使文章看起来紧凑，连贯，逻辑性强。因而同学们在平时学习的过程中，就要注意关联词的搜集。
练兵场：
1．正反观点对比：
假设你是李华，你的澳大利亚朋友Dick听说中国的中小学正在减轻学生的学习负担，来信询问有关情况。请你根据下表提供的信息，写一封回信，谈一谈减负给你的学习和生活带来的变化。
周末活动（减负前）
周末活动（减负后）
白天：上课、做作业
白天：参观博物馆、学习电脑、绘画等
晚上：做作业
晚上：看新闻、读书、看报
就寝时间：11:30
就寝时间：10:00
注意：1、词数100左右；2、开头已为你写好。生词：减轻学习负担－reduce learning load
Possible version:
Dear Dick,
How nice to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on in schools in China? In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. I don’t know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time. I can follow my own interests such as reading books，visiting museums，and taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. What’s more, I can go to bed earlier. As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.
Best wishes,
Yours
Li Hua
2．过去与现在的对比
2014年北京春季高考请按照下面6幅图的提示，写一篇题为“Changes in Our Life”的英语短文。词数100左右。
Changes in Our Life
点明主题：
1、 点题：Great changes have taken place in the past twenty years.
2、 详细对比：
过去：（1）寄信 （2）听收音机（3）住房拥挤
现在：（1）打电话（2）看电视 （3）住房宽敞
3、 收尾：感想或观点（一句话）
Possible version:
Changes In Our Life
Over the past twenty years or so, great changes have taken place in our life.（点题）／／（细节1） Take my family for example. My parents contacted others mainly by sending them letters in the past, but now we call long distance at home. （细节2）And once my parents listened to the radio for news and other information, but now we watch the news and other programs on TV.（细节3） Another big change is in the housing conditions. When they got married about twenty years ago, my parents lived in a small room crowded with furniture, but now we have moved into a big new three-room apartment.
In short, changes in our life in the past twenty years have brought us comfort and convenience.（收尾）
3．数据对比：
北京近年来交通工具发生了很大变化.
请根据下表和所给提示,用英语写一篇短文,以便刊登在某家对外发行的英语杂志上.
自行车
出租车
私人汽车
公共汽车
2001
1,000,000
125,000
250,700
17,600
2002
1,650,000
273,000
390,800
18,900
特点
方便，健身
快捷、便宜
富有
慢、脏、拥挤
Possible version:
Along with the city development, the transport system is also changing(主题句). We did a survey on the different transportations.
According to the result, people more and more prefer convenient transportations, like taxi, which doubled in the past year(对比1). Besides, private cars have been increasing rapidly with the high living standard(对比2). While public bus, which was considered the main transport in the city, now is thought by most people dirty and crowded(对比3 ). But on the other hand, bicycle, as another traditional transportation, is still widely accepted for its convenience and benefit to people's health(对比4).
In a word, people are enjoying an easier and comfortable life. (总结句).