Unit 4 Astronomy：The science of the stars

Unit 4 Astronomy：The science of the stars
1. spread
vt.&vi. 展开,铺开;散布;扩大;延伸
The bird spread its wings. 那只鸟展开了翅膀。
Flies spread disease. 苍蝇传播疾病。
常用结构:
spread sth. with sth. 用……抹/涂/铺……
spread ...on ...把……抹/涂/铺在……
be spread for摆好（桌子）准备
spread oneself\[口\]舒展四肢(躺下)
spread out张开，伸开，铺开，展开，伸长
高手过招
单项填空
Paper making began in China and to Europe.
(2009?12?河南郑州检测)
A. Spread B. grew
C. Carried D. developed
解析:选A。句意为：造纸术起源于中国，又传播到了欧洲。spread传播。
2. method
n. 方法
He has introduced a new method of teaching.
他引进了一种新的方法。
What is the most effective method of birth control?
控制出生率的最有效的方法是什么？
联想拓展
by this means=in this way=with this method
用这种方法
易混辨析
method/means
method侧重“理论方法”，指做某事的具体步骤或程序。
a new teaching method一种新的方法
means（单复数同形）侧重“通过手段”或“利用工具”去达到某种目的。
高手过招
选词填空(method/means)（原创）
①The quickest of travel is by plane.
②She has a very scientific of dealing with political problems.
答案：①means②method
3. harmful
adj. 有害的
常用结构:
do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 对某人有害
mean no harm 无意伤害别人;没有恶意
harm one’s image/reputation 损害某人的形象/名声
do more harm than good 弊大于利
There is no harm in (sb.?s) doing sth.
=It does no harm (for sb.) to do sth. (某人) 做某事无害处
be harmful to 对……有害
harm n.&v. 损害，伤害
Smoking is harmful to your health. 吸烟有害健康。
高手过招
单项填空
He is a nice dog. He won’t do you any .（原创）
A.ill B. bite C. hurt D. harm
解析:选D。考查固定搭配。do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 表示
“对某人有害”。句意为：这是一条温顺的狗，它不会伤害你。
故选D。
4. mass
n. 质量；团；块；大量；(前加the) 群众
A liter of gas has less mass than a liter of water.
1公升气体的质量少于1公升水的质量。
She has a mass of things to do.
她有一大堆的事情要做。
The masses have boundless creative power.
人民群众有无限的创造力。
常用结构:
be a mass of 遍体是……; 充满了……
in mass 全部, 全体; 整个地
in the mass 总体上;总的说来
the (great) mass of 大多数, 大部分
masses of sth.大量的东西
高手过招
单项填空
The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took pictures of them.
(2009?12?安徽合肥检测)
A. many of B. masses of
C. the number of D. a large amount of
解析:选B。句意为：年轻的舞蹈家们穿着美丽的衣服看起来很迷人，因此我们给他们拍了许多照片。masses of=lots of，后跟复数名词。
5. pull
v. 拉，拖，拔；移动
n.拉，拖；牵(引)力
You push and I?ll pull.
你来推，我来拉。
I felt a pull at my sleeve and turned round.
我觉得有人扯我的袖子，便转过身来。
常用结构:
pull ahead (of sb./sth.) 领先于（某人/物）
pull (sb.) back（使某人）退却；撤回（某人）
pull off (sth.)（指机动车辆）驶离（道路至路侧停车处停下）pull out (sth.) 拉掉；使分离；掏出；驶离（车站）
pull on 穿，戴上（袜子、手套等）
pull together 同心协力；通力合作
高手过招
用pull相关短语的适当形式填空（原创）
①I arrived as the last train was .
②He a gun and aimed at the criminal.
③So long as we , there’s no mountain top we can’t conquer.
答案：①pulling out②pulled out③pull together
6. cheer
vt. & vi. (使)高兴、振奋；(对)欢呼
The crowd cheered loudly as the Queen appeared.
女王出现时群众高声欢呼。
He was greatly cheered by the news.
他听到这个消息非常高兴。
常用结构:
cheer sb. on为某人加油
cheer (sb.) up（使某人）更高兴；（使）振奋起来
联想拓展
cheerful adj.高兴的
cheerless adj.不高兴的；阴冷的高手过招
用cheer相关短语的适当形式填空（原创）
①Your visit has greatly him up.
②The crowd the runners as they started the last lap.
③You look as though you need up.
答案：①cheered②cheered; on③cheering
7. puzzle
vt.&vi.（使）迷惑；（使）苦思
n.迷；难题
puzzled adj. 无法了解的；困惑的
puzzling adj. 令人费解的
Her reply puzzled me.
她的回答把我弄糊涂了。
Their reason for doing it is still a puzzle to me.
他们为什么要那样做此事我仍感到莫名其妙。
常用结构：
sb. be puzzled by sth.某人对……感到迷惑
puzzle about/over sth.对某事感到迷惑
puzzle one’s brain冥思苦想；绞尽脑汁
solve a puzzle解决一个难题

高手过招
用puzzle的适当形式填空
①To explain the findings, he offers two theories.
②I that I haven’t heard from Liz for so long.
③She listened with a expression on her face.
④No one has yet succeeded in explaining the of how life began.
答案：①puzzling②am puzzled③puzzled④puzzle
8. exist
vi. 存在，生存
existence n. 存在
Does life exist on Mars?
火星上有生命吗？
I can hardly exist on the wage I’m getting.
我靠自己挣的工资简直难以糊口。
常用结构：
exist+prep. 存在于某地方
exist on sth. 靠某物生存
高手过招
用exist相关短语的适当形式填空
①This plant only Australia.
②Can you such a low salary?
③I doubt the of alien.
答案：①exists; in②exist on③existence
重点短语
9. in time意为“及时”时相当于early enough, soon enough;意为“终于，早晚”时相当于sooner or later。
We got to the station just in time to catch the bus.
=We got to the station just in time for the bus.
我们到达车站时，刚好赶上了那班汽车。
The doctor came in time to save her life.
医生及时赶来救了她的命。
You?ll succeed in time if you keep on working hard.
假若坚持努力下去，你迟早会成功的。
联想拓展
be in time for sth./be in time to do sth.
对于某事是及时的/及时做某事
ahead of time提前；提早
all the time一直；始终
at one time曾经；一度
at a time一次
at times 有时
at the same time同时；然而；可是
from time to time不时；偶尔
in no time立刻；马上
take one?s time不急，慢慢来
time and time again一次又一次；一再
高手过招
单项填空
—I was disappointed in time when I didn’t pass the examinations.
—Don’t be so discouraged. You’ll be successful in
time. (2009?12?河南平顶山检测)
A./; / B. a; a C./; a D. a; /
解析:选D。句意为：——我没通过考试那段时间我很失望。——别灰心。你迟早会成功的。第一个空考查的是when 引导的定语从句，表示在某段时间里，故应用in a time。而第二个空表示“迟早”，故用in time。
10. prevent ...from
阻止；制止
The heavy rain prevented us from going there.
这场大雨使我们没能到那里去。
易混辨析
prevent/stop/keep/protect
prevent, stop, keep与protect四者的常见结构为：
prevent ...(from) doing sth.；stop ...(from) doing sth.；keep ...from doing sth.; 均表示“阻止……做某事”。
上述三个结构中，在主动语态中stop 与prevent后可省去from，但在被动语态中不可省略; 而keep ...from ...中的from在任何情况下都不能省略。另外，
protect ...from ...表示“保护……不受……侵袭；阻挡；防御”。from后接能带来伤害或损害的事物。
This plan will be kept from being carried out.
这个计划将被阻止实施。
高手过招
单项填空
Some policemen should be sent to them the trees.
（原创）
A. prevent; to cut down B. stop; cutting down
C. keep; to cut down D. keep; cutting down
解析:选B。句意为：应该派一些警察去阻止他们砍伐树木。keep/prevent/stop ... from doing sth.阻止……做某事,其中keep ...from doing sth. 中的from不可省略。故选B。
11. break out
突发；爆发（无被动语态）
Trouble may break out at any moment.
灾难在任何时候都可能突然发生。
When did the war break out? 战争什么时候爆发的？
It was at midnight that a fire broke out.
在午夜时分发生了一起大火。
联想拓展
break away from 脱离（政党等）；打破（陈规等）
break down 出故障；（计划等）失败；（身体、精神等）垮掉
break in 破门而入，闯入；打断（话语）等
break into 破门而入；突然……起来
break off 折断；突然中止；断绝；结束
break through 突破
break up 敲碎；放假；散会
易混辨析
come about/happen/take place/break out/occur
come about 发生，相当于happen, take place。后面不可以接宾语，也不可以使用被动语态。
happen 强调偶然发生。
take place 指按计划、安排发生；举行
break out 多用于指战争、火灾、疾病、疫情的突然爆发。
occur 常用于句式： sth. occurs to sb. 某事发生在某人身上。
高手过招
用break相关短语的适当形式填空 （原创）
①A terrible tsunami in the southeastern countries of Asia at Christmas, 2004.
②When do you for Christmas?
③Negotiations between the two sides have .
④His house was last week.
答案：①broke out②break up③broken down④broken into
12. block out
挡住（光线）
That wall blocks out all the light.那堵墙把光线都遮住了。
联想拓展
burst out 大声喊叫;突然……起来
go out 外出；过时；熄(灯)
put out 关(灯)；扑灭；生产
come out 出现，显露；出版;结果是
help out 帮助解决难题(或摆脱困境)
look out留神；注意
watch out 注意；提防；向外看
find out 找出，查明，发现
pick out挑出;辨认出，分辨出
speak out 大声地说;大胆地说
think out仔细思考(某事)；想出（主意等）
hang out 挂出;闲逛
knock out (拳)击中，击倒，打昏
sell out 售完(某种货物)，脱销
turn out 结果证明是
run out (of) 用完，耗尽
check out 结账离去，办妥手续离去
give out 分发（试卷等）；发出（光、热等）；用尽；耗完；筋疲力尽
高手过招
用out相关短语的适当形式填空（原创）
①At the end of the race his legs and he collapsed on the ground.
②It’ s easy to him in a crowd because he is very tall.
③His new book will next month.
④We thought it was going to rain; it to be a fine day.
⑤We of/from our hotel at 5 a.m. to catch a 7 a.m. flight.
答案：①gave out②pick; out③come out ④turned out⑤checked out
13. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38~45 亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。
What it was to become ...是what 引导的主语从句，what 在从句中作become 的宾语。
What surprised everybody was that he didn’t come to the meeting.
使大家惊奇的是他竟没有参加会议。
What he did added to our difficulty.
他所做的增加了我们的困难。
“be+动词不定式”在本句中表示按照计划、安排将要发生的动作。
When are they to hand in their plan?
他们的计划什么时候交上来？
You are to do your homework before you watch TV.
你得做完了作业才能看电视。
联想拓展
“be+to”还可以表示以下含义：
表示可能性，相当于can,主要用于疑问句和否定句。表示命令，意为“必须，不得不”，意思等同于must, have to，表示假设。表示“命运注定……”，通常用于过去时。
How am I to know what has become of him?
我怎么知道他的遭遇如何呢？
Certain skills must be learned if one is to use English well.
如果想要用好英语，某些技巧是必须学的。
He was never to see his wife again.
他注定再也见不到他妻子了。
Were we to offer you more money, would you stay?
如果我们给你加钱，你愿意留下吗？
高手过招
单项填空
In dry weather the flowers will have to be watered if they . （原创）
A. have survived B. are to survive
C. would survive D. will survive
解析:选B。考查真实条件句。are to survive在此处并不表示将来，而表示“期望”。
14. But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.
而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。
twice as ...as ... 是……的两倍
联想拓展
英语中的倍数表达法：
倍数+as +adj./adv.+as 是……的几倍
倍数+adj./adv.的比较级+ than 比……(多/大)几倍
倍数+ the +表示长度/高度/宽度等的名词+ of是……长度/高度/宽度的几倍，此结构中常用的名词有：size, height, weight, length, width, depth等。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.
=This ruler is twice longer than that one.
=This ruler is three times the length of that one.
这把尺子是那把的三倍长。
There are four times as many students as we expected.
到的学生是我们预计的五倍。
高手过招
(1)翻译句子 （原创）
这个房子是那个的三倍大。
(2)完成句子
到的客人是我们预计的两倍。
There are we expected .
答案：(1)This house is three times as big as that one./This house is twice bigger than that one./This house is three times the size of that one.
(2)twice as many guests as

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