逍遥右脑 2013-05-06 12:14
2013届高三英语语法要点精讲(配最新高考+模拟)
专题03 介词及介词短语
【考纲解读】
介词主要考查近义词的用法区别、介词的特定含义、介词和连词易混淆的项目、介词的固定用法等,在2011年和2012年全国各地高考试题中,都涉及到介词的考查,不仅在单项填空中进行考查,在短改错题中,对于介词的有无、介词与其他词的固定搭配的考查尤为频繁。笔者认为因为介词的用法非常普遍,它关系到句子的上下衔接,所以以后的高考题介词仍然是一个考查热点。
高考研究介词是英语中比较活跃的词,中学阶段所学的介词有40多个。它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活,意义丰富。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有in,out,up,down,on,off,to,from,for,over,with等。预测今后高考介词的考查将以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。在学习介词时,应重点掌握介词的基本用法,同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。
【知识要点】
介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。
1.介词可按其构成分为:
(1)简单介词,即一个介词,如about,at,in,of,since等。
(2)复合介词,由两个介词组成,如as for,as to,out of等。?
(3)二重介词,由两个介词搭配而成,但没有复合介词那样固定,如from under,from behind,until after,except in等。?
(4)短语介词,由短语构成,如?according? to,because of,in spite of,on behalf of,with reference to等。?
(5)分词介词,由现在分词构成,如regarding,concerning,including等。
2.介词还可按其词义分为下列常见的几种:
(1)表地点(包括动向),如about,
above,across,after,along,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,by,down,from,in,into,near,off,on,over,through,throughout,to,towards,under,up,upon,with,within,without等。?
[注]有不少表地点的介词可表动向,除很明显的across,around,over,towards,near外,还有among,behind,beneath,between,on,to,under等。
(2)表时间,如about,after,around,as,at,before,behind,between,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,throughout,till(until),to,towards,within等。?
(3)表除去,如besides,but,except等。?
(4)表比较,如as,like,above,over等。?
(5)表反对,如against,with等。?
(6)表原因、目的,如for,with,from等。?
(7)表结果,如to,with,without等。?
(8)表手段、方式,如by,in,with等。?
(9)表所属,如of,with等。?
(10)表条,如on,without,?considering?等。?
(11)表让步,如despite,in spite of等。?
(12)表关于,如about,concerning,?regarding?,with regard to,as for,as to等。?
(13)表对于,如to,for,over,at,with等。?
(14)表根据,如on,according to等。?
(15)表其他,如for(赞成),without(没有)等。?
(一)介词的句法功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事等与其它人、物、事等之间的关系。
1、作定语:The book on the table is mine.
2、作状语:We have breakfast at seven.(表时间);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)
3、作表语:y dictionary 中学is in the bag.
4、作宾语补足语:I found him in the office.
(二)主要介词区别
1、表示时间的at, in, on:at表示片刻的时间,如:at 8 o’clock ,常用词组有:at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的时间,如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on总是跟日子有关,on onday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on ay Day, on a warm morning等。
2、表示时间的since和from:since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将时连用。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.
3、表示时间的in和after:两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后,区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”,而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”,in短语和将时态连用,after短语和过去时态或将时态连用。如:We’ll be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?
注意:after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。如:After two months he returned.
4、表示地理位置的in, on, to:in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外。如:Changchun is in the northeast of China./ ongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.
5、表示“在……上”的on和in:on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。 如:There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.
6、表示“穿过……”的through和across:through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。如: Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.
7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如:The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.
8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of:in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,可单独使用,后不接介词of;at the end of 表示“在……末梢”,“到……尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of 作“在……结束时”,“到……末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。如:In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.
9、表示“关于”的about 和on:两者都有“关于”的意思,不过前者为一般用词,而后者为较正式的“论述”。如:He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science.
10、between, among:一般说,between表示两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如:You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调的是两两相互间接关系,适用于between。如:Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时用between。如:The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时,总是用between。如:They don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.
11、besides, except, but, except for:besides指“除了……还有,再加上”。如:All went out besides me.;except指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。如:All went out except me.;but 与except意思近似,表示“除了……外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.;except for表示“如无……就,只是”表明理由细节。如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。
12、表示“用”的in和with:表示工具的“用”,用with,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”,用in。如:He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.
13、in charge of和in the charge of:两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于:in charge of后接被照管的人或物,而in the charge of后面则跟照管的人。如:Who is in charge of the project?/ The project is in the charge of an engineer.。
14、as, like:as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(事实是父亲);like作“象……一样”解。如:Let me speak to you like a father.(事实上不是父亲)。
15、in front of 和in the front of:in front of = before,是“在……前面”的意思(不在某物内); in the front of则是“在……前部”的意思(在某物内)。如:There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat in the front of the car.。
16、in, into:into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。如:We walked into the park.;in通常表示位置。如:We walked in the park;in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等终止性动词连用时,也可以表示动向。如:I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬币放进衣袋。
复习时需注意的要点
1、介词一般放在名词之前,但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词、疑问副词或者关系代词时,这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。
2、介词和动词、形容词、名词等常常构成固定搭配,也就是说,在这些词的后面常常要求用一定的介词。这一点在学习时要特别注意。如:
a.动词+介词:laugh at, wait for
b.形容词、过去分词+介词:be good at, be proud of
c名词+介词:pay a visit to , the key to
3、表示选择关系的连词,连接的双方只取其一。常用连词有or, either...or, otherwise
例如:
a)You can go to Beijing either today or tomorro
b)You must get up early or you won’t catch the early bus.
4、表示转折关系,连接的双方构成对比,意义上有转折。常用连词有but, however, while, only
例如:
a)His brother is fond of football while he likes basketball.
b)You can watch TV, but you must finish your homework first.
5、表示联合关系,联合的双方是对等的,意义上趋向一致。常用连词有:and, both...and, neither...nor, not only...but also, as well as
To study English well, we need both diligence and careful.
That horse is not only the youngest among the five, but also runs the fastest.
6、表示因果关系,连接的双方,互为因果,或者前因后果,或者前果后因。常用的连词有:for, so
例如:
It must have rained, for the ground is wet.
【考点诠释】
考点1 常见介词的活用
by,with,against,over,on,in,at,besides,for等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的用法和意义、准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词,应重点掌握:
1.over可表位置,意为“在……上方,越过;遮住,盖住”,也可表时间,意为“在……期间,(多年)以”等,它还有“在……(问题)上,对(某事)”等引申意义。如:
①Y0u can’t wear a blue jacket over that shirt—it’II look terrible.你不能在那衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克——太难看了。
②We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。
③We heard it over the radio.我们从广播中听到了它。
2.by的主要意思有“在……旁,靠近;乘(车、船等);不迟于;到……为止;被,由;根据,按照(关系);通过……方式”等,还可以用表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有:
by and by不久,迟早 by and large大体上
by oneself单独 by the way顺便说说
by far……得多,最…… by chance碰巧
by accident偶然地 by means of借助
by no means绝不,一点也不 by mistake错误地
①The water in the river rose by two meters.河水上涨了两米。
②He is an Englishman by birth.他在血统上是英国人。
3.with可以用表示“带有,拥有;随着;就……说;用,以;和,与;对于,关于”等意思。with还可用表示原因。如:
①He turned red with anger.他气得脸变红了。
②The problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earth’s air.从地球上观察太空存在一个问题,就是地球的大气中有大量的尘埃。
4.beyond这个词同学们平时接触的机会不是太多,但它却是一个考查热点。beyond表示“(时间)过了,比……晚,迟于;(位置)在……那边,超出……之外;(范围)超过,为……所
不及,超出……的范围”等意思。如:
①They arrived beyond nine o’clock.他们过了9:00才到。
②The book is beyond me.这本书我看不懂。
③Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths.汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了。
考点2 介词的固定搭配-
高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。
1.名词词组:on the contrary相反;in turn依次;in one’s opinion根据某人的看法;off time准时;out of reach够不着
2.动词词组:remind sb of sth提醒某人某事;rob sb of sth抢劫某人的……;restdt from由……引起;call at访问(某地)
3.形容词词组:be curious about对……好奇;be proud of因……而自豪;be popular with受到……的欢迎
4.介词短语:apart from除……Pb;in addition to除……之外(还);because of因为;instead of代替;in fear of为……提心吊胆;for fear of以免;in case of防备;thanks to由于;in the middle of在……中间;according to根据;in front of在……前面;in return for作为对……的回报;in charge of负责;as a result of作为……的结果;in exchange for与……交换等
典例: Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients ______ name, not case number.
A of B as C by D with
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词辨析。句意:如今有些医院是以姓名查阅患者的,而不是凭病例编号(去查询的)。by name按姓名.
考点3核心介词用法归纳与辨析
1.表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in,如:in the 1990s,in January,in(the)winter
in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如:in the night,during the night,in the war,during the war。但略有区别:当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during,接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如:during the discussion/in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei/in playing basketball/during the course of/in digging the tunnel
2.在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。
3.表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。
有些时间名词前有one,each,any,every,some,all,next,last,that修饰时,不接介词。如:
that day,next Sunday some day,one day
4.till、until、to的用法。
(1)till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如:
He waited for me till twelve o’clock.
He didn’t get up till (until) 10 a.m.(不可用to)
但注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用?until?。如:
Not until 9 a.m.did r.Smith come back to school.
(2)to表“终结”时常和from连用,但要注意不与from连用时的意义。如:
from July to September,from six to (till) eight(从……到……为止),但from morning till night(从早到晚),不能用to。
5.表示方式、手段、工具的介词
(1)by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天,但to the pound按磅算,to the ton按吨计。
(2)表泛指的方式、手段:by post,by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材),by electricity,by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope
(3)交通工具类。另外:by means of 用……方法,by way of 经由,取道于,用……方法;with the help(permission)of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)“在……帮助下”。
(4)表方式、手段的其他用法。
He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具、机器)
One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官,但by hand“手工,用手”)
He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)
注意:使用语言、材料、字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如:
in high(good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise, in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)
6.表示“除……之外”的几组常用介词比较。
(1)besides “除……以外,(还有)”。作副词时意思是“而且,更何况”。如:
It was too late to see a film,and besides,I was tired.
(2)except“除去,除……之外(不再有)”。如:
We all went except John.
在否定句中,两词可以换用,如:
He has no other hats except/besides this one.
(3)except for“除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)”后接名词、代词或what从句,此时与except that+句子意思相同。如:
He was very clever except for carelessness.
(4)except that...“除了……一点以外”。如:
He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.
(5)but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用,但应注意以下三点:前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to);but与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事,can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……,but for...如不是……
7.介词的省略:
介词for表示时间的省略要求。
(1)以all开头的名词短语,for要省略。如:
I stayed with her all the morning.
(2)否定句中,表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如:
I haven’t seen you for thirty years.
(3)时间状语在主句之前,for不能省略。如:
For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.
8.某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。
(1)要求接to的名词有:key,answer,visit,entrance,apology,introduction,road等。
(2)要求接in 的名词有:interest,satisfaction,expert等。
He is expert in teaching small children.
介词的用法很繁杂,要在平时注意积累。
【试题放送】
【2012湖北卷】25. The furniture, with its modern style and bright colors, suits modern houses and their gardens, but looks _______ in the garden of a traditional home
A. out of questionB. out of orderC. out of sightD. out of place
【答案】D
【考点】考查介词短语辨析。难度中等。
【解析】句意为:这套家具款式新潮,色泽明丽,与新式房屋和花园配套,但看起与传统的房子和花园不相称。D项意为“与……不相称”,符合句意。A项意为“毫无疑问”,B项意为“次序颠倒”,C项意为“看不见”,都与句意不符。
【2012江苏卷】29.— Thank God you're safe!
—I stepped back, justto avoid the racing car.
A. in timeB. in caseC. in needD. in vain
【考点】介词短语
【答案】A
【解析】in time意为“及时”,in case意为“万一,假使”;in need意为“需要”;in vain意为“徒劳,无济于事”。句意为:——谢天谢地,你是安全的!——我走回去,正好避免赛车。符合题意。
【2012安徽卷】25. You can chang your job, you can move house,but friendship is meant to be life.
A. of B. on C. to D. For
【答案】D
【解析】选择D是正确的,mean在此表示“预定,指定”。The gift is meant for you. 这份礼物是给你的。 He was meant for [to be ]an electrician. 本是准备把他培养成电工的。
【2012辽宁卷】27. The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place the main road at the far end of the lake.
A. to B. for C. off D. out
【考点】介词辨析
【答案】C
【解析】off 意思是“离开...,隔着...”,表示与……隔着一定的距离。
【2012四川卷】14. This training program can give you a lift at work, ____ increase your income by 40%.
A. as well as B. so long as C. so much as D. as soon as
14.【答案与解析】 A 本题考查介词as构成的短语用法区别。A意为“除…之外(还有);和”;B意为“只要”;C意为“与…一样多”(不用于肯定句);D意为“一…就”。此题句意为:这个培训计划除了可以提高你的收入40%之外,还能够让你在工作方面得到提升。根据句意选A。
【2012陕西卷】11.An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are ______________ it.
A . against B. for C .to D. with
【答案】A
【考点】考查介词。
【解析】所填介词与系动词be构成固定句型,意思是:反对,选A。be for支持,赞成;be to到达;be with和……在一起,都与句意不符。
【2012届江苏省苏、锡、常、镇四市高三调研测试(一)】25. _____________ our foreign policy, we now have multiple threats, very few of which involve the traditional battles of the past.
A. In honour of B. In terms of C. In the form of D. In defence of
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词短语的用法。此处In honour of用纪念。。。; In terms of就。。。而言;谈到。。。;In the form of以。。。的形式;In defence of以保护。。。;此处为“就我们的外交政策而言。”
【2012届吉林省吉林市高三第二次模拟】28. We must read not only between the lines, but sometimes ________ the lines so that we can fully understand the writer.
A. within B. among C. besides D. beyond
【答案】D
【解析】查介词。此处beyond the lines意为“言外之意”。
【2012届东省菏泽重点高中高三下学期4月模拟】27. Some students often listen to music ___ ___ classes to refresh themselves.
A. betweenB. among C. overD. during
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词的用法。此处between意为“位于/处在/介于……之间”,表示两者或每两者之间的关系。between classes表示“间”。among意为“在(多数)之中,在……中间”,表示三者或三者以上的人或物之间的关系,指“混合或掺杂在多数可分离的人或物之间”。over 意为“越过……”。during 意为“在……的期间,在……的时候”。
【2012届广西桂林市、崇左市、百色市、防城港市高考联合调研】33.—You are so excellent.
—I don’t understand what you mean saying that.
A.byB.forC.ofD.in
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词的用法。解题关键:句型what do you mean by 。。。句意:我不明白你那么说的意思。
【2012届浙江杭州重点高中原创模拟】13. ___________ the consequences of the chemical leaks, the specialists haven’t given final conclusion before they obtain accurate statistics.
A. With regard to B. As a result of C. In spite of D. In addition to
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。with regard to 意为“关于”;as a result of 意为“由于…的结果”;in spite of 意为“尽管”; in addition to 意为“除…之外”。 句意为:关于化学泄露所产生的后果,专家在拿到准确的数据之前,还没有给出最后结论。故选A。
【2012届北京海淀区高三一模】29. --- I’m going to have lunch. Do you mind talking about your plan ____ lunch?
---All right. I’ll wait here in the office.
A. after B. before C. over D. until
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词题。在看到第一句话的时候本以为考查的是over在……同时的知识点,难度较高。例如:Could you please have a talk with me over a cup of coffee?你能和我喝杯咖啡说说话吗?表示在喝咖啡的同时说话。但是看到第二句话立刻晕倒,另一个人说在这里等,那明显是午饭后再谈,所以答案为A选项after。只要不胡乱添加中意思,就不会误选B选项和D选项。
【2012届江西省上饶市第一次高考模拟】26.The director will by no means turn the actress away all she is considered the most qualified for the role.
A.because of B.regardless of C.in spite of D.despite of
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语的含义。句意:导演绝不会拒绝那个演员,因为她被认为是这个角色最合格的演员。