逍遥右脑 2016-03-06 12:05
过去完成时的概念：
过去完成时既可表示过去某个时间或动作之前所发生的事情，也可表示过去某个时间或动作之前所发生的动作一直持续到过去某个时间。过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成。
如：She had leant 2000 English words by the end of last month.
过去完成时的应用：
（1）与过去完成时连用的时间状语可以多种多样，使用它的主要依据是看其是否发生在“过去的过去”。
如：He had learnt some English before I went here. 在来这儿之前我学过一些英语。
He had written three stories by last year.到去年他已经写了三篇故事。
We had cleaned the room when he got there. 当他到那儿时，我们已经把房子弄干净了。
He went there after he had finished his work. 他把事做完之后，就去哪儿了。
注意：当主句跟由before, after, as soon as所引导的时间从句的动作连接很紧密时，从句也可用一般过去时。
如：He went there after he read the letter. 他看了那封信后就去那儿了。
（2）过去完成时还经常用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。
如：He said he had been a soldier. 他说他当过兵。
They said they had seen the film. 他们说这幕电影他们看过。
（3）在hardly/scarcely…when…,nosooner…than…两个结构中的主句通常要用过去完成时。
如：Hardly had I told her the news when she began to cry out. 她一听到这一消息就大哭了起来。
Scarcely had he finished his supper when he went out. 他已吃完晚饭就出去了。
No sooner had he fallen asleep than he lay down on the bed. 他一躺倒床上就睡着了。
（4）动词expect, hope, suppose, think, want等的过去完成时可用来表示未实现的计划、打算或希望。
如：I had hoped to see you. 我本希望来看你。
He had wanted to buy a house in Beijing. 他本想在北京买栋房子。
过去完成时与一般过去时：
（1）过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态，即：过去完成时强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发生的事情或存在的状态。
如：He studied there two years ago. 他在那儿学习了两年。(离现在两年)
He said he had studied there two years ago. 他说他在那儿学习了两年。(离他说话时两年)
（2）表示过去某个时间以前所连续发生的两个或两个以上的动作时，一般用and, then, but按照动作的先后顺序连接，此时通常用一般过去时而不用过去完成时。
如：He said he went the shop and bought some food. 他说他去商店买了一些食品。
（3）两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
如：When I heard the news, I was very excited.
（4）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
如：Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in1492.
过去完成时的被动语态的概念：
过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的叠合。表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。由“had+been+过去分词”构成。
过去完成时态的被动语态的构成：
1）过去完成时的被动语态的肯定式为：had + been + done。
如：The task had been finished before 12:00 yesterday.
2）过去完成时的被动语态的否定式为：have / has + not + been + done。
如：The task hadn't been finished before 12:00 yesterday.
3）过去完成时的被动语态的一般疑问句需将had提到主语的前面。
如：Had the task been finished before 12:00 yesterday?
4）过去完成时的被动语态的特殊疑问句为：疑问词 + had+ been + done。
如：What time had the task been finished yesterday?
过去完成时被动语态的用法：
过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成，表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前发生的动作或状态，句中常用by，before，until，when等词引导时间状语。
如：We had built five new buildings by the end of last year. 过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式：
（1）肯定结构：主语＋had been done＋其他成分
（2）否定结构：主语＋had not been done＋其他成分
（3）疑问句结构：had＋主语＋been done＋其他成分；
疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done＋其他成分
过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下情况：
（1）表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by, before等引导的时间状语连用。
如：By the time he got to the school, the first period had been finished.
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.
How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended?
Had the new plan been discussed before the meeting?
（2）在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。
如：The said the production costs had been reduced.
The boy was reminded that his homework had not been handed in.
The media reported more than 1,000 people had been killed in the earthquake.
（3）根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。
如：As the assignment had been done, he went on to search the Internet.
He did what he had been told to.
另：当从句由after，before，when或assoonas引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。
如：When he arrived, he called her.
They locked the door before they left.
过去完成时与现在完成时被动语态用法区别：
现在完成时被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作，过去完成时被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。
例如：This polluted river has been cleaned. 这条被污染了的河流已被净化。
析：该句表示到现在为止这条河流已被净化。
例如：He said this book had been translated into Japanese. 他说这本书已被译成日语。
析：该句表示到他说话时所体现的时间为止这本书已被译成日语。