逍遥右脑 2016-01-29 11:17
2014高考英语理解巩固精品题练习（8）及答案
理解
(2012?湖南长、望、浏、宁一模，C篇)
Developed and developing nations can learn fro each other seeking a lowcarbon econoy，a Chinese governent official said in Shanghai yesterday.
“China doesn't lag developed nations in ters of energy saving and green econoy”，said Zhou Changyi，director of the energy saving departent of the inistry of Industry and Inforation Technology.
“While we can learn any aspects fro developed nations，they also should learn soething fro us，such as water conservation，” Zhou said in a speech during the new Path of China's Industrilization foru at the ongoing China International Industry Fair 2009.
He said industrilized nations and China are dealing with different issues to cobat cliate change.The United Kingdo，for exaple，is concerned about transport，buildings and new energy in reducing carbon eissions.For China，the ost urgent task is how to realize newtype of industrilization and avoid istakes that other countries ade when they industrilized.
As such，overseas exhibitors at this year's fair are showing ways to help China achieve low carbon eissions in the industrial section.
Swiss power and autoation technology group ABB called for a stronger focus on product lifecycle assesent，or LCA，which is used to study the environental ipact of a product fro the research and anufaturing stage through its usage and recycling.
Tobias Becker，head of ABB's process autoation division for North Asia and China，said LCA is an effective tool in helping anufacturing industries to reduce carbon eissions.
LCA shows that industrial custoers should focus on a product's environental ipact throughout its lifecycle instead of on its initial investent or readytouse stage.For exaple，a otor's initial investent accounts for only 3 percent of its lifecycle cost，while 94 percent goes to fuel consuption and the rest to aintenance.
Richard Hausann，North East Asia CEO of Sieens，said，“The color of future industrilization is green.”
The Gerany Copany recently announces that it wants to receive orders worth ore than 6 billion Euros (US 8.8 billion) for intelligent net power networks，Sart Grid，over the next five years.Sieens has set a 20 percent arket share target for the global sart grid business.
A sart grid delivers electricity fro suppliers to consuers using digital technology，advanced sensors specialized coputers that save energy，reduce costs and increase reliability.The United States and China are considered the two biggest arkets for sart grid.
1．“______” can replace the underlined word “lag”．
A．Fall behind B．Be superior to
C．Attack D．Fear
2．Which of the following about LCA is TRUE?
A．LCA is used to study the ipact on a product.
B．LCA can help anufacturing industries decrease carbon release a lot.
C．LCA shows industrial custoers should focus on a product's environental influence on its initial investent.
D．LCA was one of the exhibitions at this year's fair.
3．We can infer ______ fro the eleventh paragraph of this passage.
A．Sieens has occupied 20 percent arket share for the global sart grid business
B．Sieens received orders worth 6 billion Euros recently
C．Sieens will earn $ 8.8 billion fro intelligent power networks
D．Sieens' plan about Sart Grid ay coe true in the future
4．______ about Sart Grid isn't entioned in the passage.
A．Energysaving B．Lowcost
C．SecurityD．Sall in size
5．The best title for the passage ______.
A．Developed and Developing Nations Can Learn Fro Each Other
B．Lowcarbon Econoy—a Shared Goal
C．Intelligent Power Networks
D．Two Biggest arkets for Sart Grid
参考答案-----7
1．A 词义猜测题。根据第二段“China doesn't lag developed nations in ters of energy saving and green econoy，...”可知，就节能和绿色经济方面，中国并不落后于发达国家，所以选择A项。
2．B 细节理解题。根据第七段内容可知，LCA可以帮助生产企业减少碳的排放，所以B项正确。
3．D 推理。由第十一段可知，“智能电网”不仅可以节能，降低成本，而且还能提高可靠性。美国和中国将成为智能电网最大的市场。综上所述可知，西门子推出的智能电网计划得以实现的可能性很大。D项正确。
4．D 细节理解题。最后一段内容没有提及“智能电网”的大小和规模，所以选择D项。
5．B 主旨大意题。第一段表明发展中国家和发达国家就寻求低碳经济发展上可以互相借鉴，这是他们共同的目标。由此可知B项符合。
技巧点拨
高考英语阅读理解部分考查的重点之一是考生对于细节信息的捕捉、理解和分析能力。细节题的比重一般为五分之一,换句话说,高考英语阅读理解的五篇中,每篇都至少设有一道细节题。细节题主要考查考生对中阐述主题的细节与具体事实的把握能力,内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。细节题属于浅层理解题,难度较低,答案明确具体,考生一般可以从阅读材料中直接找到。因此,解答这类试题时,考生应快速阅读材料,抓住其大意后,迅速浏览考题,选定关键词,然后带着这些关键词,运用查读法,迅速查找相关信息,进而分析这些信息的结构和意义,理清逻辑关系,最后选出正确答案。
仔细研究高考英语真题,我们会发现,细节题主要是针对中的某个短语、某个从句或某个完整的句子而设置,其中又以针对句子设题的情况居多。下面我们将结合真题,具体分析细节题的命题思路、解题方法和技巧。
针对定语从句的关系词设题
我们知道,英语中的基本句型的语序大致上是固定不变的,但有些时候,由于表达的需要,某些句子的成分或位置会发生变化,如定语从句中的状语(关系副词)前移等。这种变化往往会令考生感到迷惑,于是命题者就常常利用这种变化设置考题。
例1:any years ago, when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver, I was driving to y parents' hoe in issouri for Christas. I stopped at a gas station (加油站) about 50 iles fro Oklahoa City, where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register (收款台), I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas. (2006年全国卷I,B篇)
60. The author planned to stop at Oklahoa City _______.
A. to visit a friend
B. to see his parents
C. to pay or the cash register
D. to have ore gas for his car
例2:Coing in a close second—and often wrongly entioned as the ost distant land—is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 iles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 iles west of South Aerica.
The ountainous 64-square-ile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for ore than a thousand years giving the plenty of tie to build ore than 1,000 huge stone figures called oai, for which the island is ost faous. (2003年全国卷,A篇)
57. Which of the following is ost faous for oai?
A. Tristan da Cunha. B. Pitcairn Island. C. Easter Island. D. St. Helena.
【技巧点拨】解答针对定语从句设置的细节题时,考生一定要认真分析句子结构,联系上下文,弄清楚关系词所指代的对象,准确答题。
针对易产生歧义的句子设题
除针对一些结构上比较特殊的句式设题之外,有些意义上容易令考生产生误解的语句也是命题者关注的重点。例如:
In the restaurant
There is probably nothing ore annoying than a diner receiving or aking a call near you when you are in a restaurant. The icy glares you receive should be warning that it is not appreciated. Turn your phone off and use your essage service to return calls after you leave. (2005年上海春季卷,B篇)
79. According to the passage, the ost annoying thing in a restaurant is that ________.
A. you receive icy glares
B. a nearby diner is answering a phone call
C. you have to use the essage service
D. you can not return calls until after you leave
英语中有许多难于理解的句子,下面略举几例:
(1) 否定转移
They are not working hard at English only for theselves. 他们在努力学习英语,这样做并不仅仅是为了他们自己。
错误表达:They are working hard at English not only for theselves.
(2) 全部否定与部分否定
全部否定:All gers are invisible to the naked eyes. 所有细菌都不能被肉眼所见。
部分否定:Not all wors are visible to the naked eyes. 并不是所有的虫子都能被肉眼所见。
(3) 含有ore than / no ore ... than的句子
The question is ore than the boy is able to work out. 这个男孩是没有能力解出这道题的。
A faily without love is no ore a hoe than a body without soul is a an. 就像一个没有灵魂的躯体不能称之为人一样,一个没有爱的家庭就不能称之为家。
【技巧点拨】解答此类针对容易产生歧义或难以理解的句子设置的题型时,考生需结合平时积累的基础知识,反复推敲句意,“去伪存真”,判定句子在文中的准确意思之后再解题。
针对上下文或句间的逻辑关系设题
阅读理解中,有些句子间虽然没有明显的关联词,但却形成了逻辑上的因果关系、转折关系等,以及含有例证、引用等的句子,这些都可能成为命题人的设题点。
例1:
* The left half of the brain controls the right side of the body. The right half controls the left side.
* One half of the brain is always doinant (in charge). Usually, the left brain is doinant, which is why 90% of people are right-handed. (2007年江苏卷,D篇)
70. Fro the passage, we know the reason why around 10% of people are left-handed is that ________.
A. their frontal lobe is usually doinant
B. their teporal lobe is usually doinant
C. their right brain is usually doinant
D. their left brain is usually doinant
C7[2013?天津卷] C
Poet Willia Stafford once said that we are defined ore by the detours(绕行路) in life than by the narrow road toward goals.I like this iage.But it was quite by accident that I discovered the deep eaning of his words.
For years we ade the long drive fro our hoe in Seattle to y parents' hoe in Boise in nine hours.We traveled the way ost people do: the fastest, shortest, easiest road, especially when I was alone with four noisy, restless kids who hate confineent(限制) and have strong opinions about everything.
Road trips felt risky，so I would drive fast, stopping only when I had to.We would stick to the freeways and arrive tired.
But then Banner, our lab was born.He was rejected by his aa days before our planned trip to Boise.I had two choices: leave Banner with y husband, or take hi with e.y husband ade the decision for e.
That is how I found yself on the road with four kids, a baby lab and nothing but y everlasting optiis to see e through.We took the country roads out of necessity.We had to stop every hour, let Banner shake out his legs and feed hi.The kids chased hi and one another.They'd get back in the car breathless and energized, selling fresh fro the cold air.
We explored side roads, catching grasshoppers in waist－high grass.Even if we siply looked out of the car windows at baby pigs following their other, or fish leaping out of the water, it was better than the best ride down the freeway.Here was life.And new horizons(见识)．
We eventually arrived at y parents' doorstep astonishingly fresh and full of stories.
I grew brave with the trip back hoe and creative with y disciplining technique.On an epty section of road, everyone started quarreling.I stopped the car, ordered all kids out and told the to eet e up ahead.I parked y car half a ile away and read y book in sweet silence.
Soe road trips are by necessity fast and straight.But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and ade e realize that a detour ay uncover the best part of journey—and the best part of yourself.
46．Why did the author use to take freeways to her parents' hoe?
A．It was less tiring.
B．It would be faster and safer.
C．Her kids would feel less confined.
D．She felt better with other drivers nearby.
47．The author stopped regularly on the country roads to ________．
A．relax in the fresh air
B．take a deep breath
C．take care of the lab
D．let the kids play with Banner
48．What does the author discover fro the trip according to Paragraph 6?
A．Freeways are where beauty hides.
B．Getting close to nature adds to the joy of life.
C．Enjoying the beauty of nature benefits one's health.
D．One should follow side roads to watch wild anials.
49．Why did the author ask the kids to get out of the car on their way back hoe?
A．To give herself soe tie to read.
B．To order soe food for the.
C．To play a gae with the.
D．To let the cool down.
50．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．Char of the Detour
B．The Road to Bravery
C．Creativity out of Necessity
D．Road Trip and Country Life
【要点综述】 本文是一篇记叙文。主要通过作者的经历向读者解释了一个生活哲理：在实现目标的过程中通常我们要多绕一些路。在路上比我们直接到达目的地要收获更多的东西。
46．B 细节理解题。根据第二段“We traveled the way ost people do: the fastest, shortest, easiest road, especially when I was alone with four noisy…”可知作者在回父母家的路上，为了早点到达而选择了高速，而一个女性单独带着四个孩子走高速也是为了安全。故选B。
47．C 细节理解题。根据第五段第三句“We had to stop every hour, let Banner shake out his legs and feed hi.”可知，作者停下来是为了照顾小羊羔Banner。故选C。
48．B 推理。根据作者在第六段的描述可知，作者沿着乡村小路走时，接近自然，既欣赏了美丽的景色，也为自己的旅程增加了快乐。故选B。
49．D 细节理解题。根据第八段“…everyone started quarreling…ordered all kids out and told the to eet e up ahead.”可知，孩子们在车上争吵起来，作者命令他们下车，走着去前面找作者。这样做的目的是让孩子们冷静下来。故选D。
50．A 主旨大意题。作者在第一段借著名诗人Willia Stafford的话来揭示本文的主题：the detour。再根据下文的描述，展示了作者在乡村的路上获得的快乐，由此可知本文的题目既要有detour又要有与joy相关的词汇，选项A正好符合。
例2:
Ji suffered heart probles. In conversation he expressed little joy and it seeed that his life was drawing to a close.
When his heart probles led to operation, Ji went through it successfully, and a full recovery was expected. Within days however, his heart was not beating properly. Ji was rushed back to operation, but nothing was found to explain the cause of his illness. He died on the operating table on the day before his 48th birthday. (2007年四川卷,B篇)
59. Ji was sent back to operation because ________.
A. his heart didn't work well
B. he expected a full recovery
C. his life was drawing to a close
D. the first one wasn't well perfored
例3:What will people die of 100 years fro now? If you think that is a siple question, you have not been paying attention to the revolution that is taking place in bio-technology (生物技术). With the help of new edicine, the huan body will last a very long tie. Death will coe ainly fro accidents urder and war. Today's leading killers such as heart disease, cancer, and aging itself, will becoe distant eories. (2007年辽宁卷,A篇)
56. According to the passage, huan death is now ainly caused by ________.
A. diseases and aging
B. accidents and war
C. accidents and aging
D. heart disease and war
【技巧点拨】阅读理解题不同于单项,句子并不是单独存在的,而是处于特定的语言环境中,与上下文相联系。因此,考生解题时不应拘泥于某个单句,而应“瞻前顾后”,注意整体联系,避免“以偏概全”,准确解题。
综上所述,阅读理解中的细节题主要是针对句子的关系词、长难句的句意或句与句之间的逻辑关系设置题目,考生只要学会分析与题干相关的信息,厘清其所在句子的结构,联系上下文准确理解句子的意思,定能轻松解答细节题。
(2015佛山一中月考题)
In the earliest stages of an's developent he had no ore need of oney than anials have. He was content with very siple fors of shelter, ade his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for hiself and his faily fro natural aterials around hi. As he becae ore civilized, however, he began to want better shelter, ore efficient tools and weapons, and ore cofortable and ore lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands. For these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as siths, leather workers or carpenters. It was then that the question of payent arose.
As en becae ore civilized they ______.
A. all learnt to ake by theselves the things needed
B. had to travel a lot to look for what they wanted
C. wanted better things than those they theselves could provide
D. no longer provided food and clothing for theselves
【答案及解析】
C 从问题的关键词becae ore civilized出发，可以定位到文中与之相关的语句：As he becae ore civilized…发现文中用he代替en, 后面的语句however, he began to want better shelter, ore efficient tools and weapons, and ore cofortable and ore lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands 对应选项C，用theselves概括了his own neighborhood和of his own unskilled hands。
细节理解题旨在考查考生对事实细节的理解。这类试题一般只针对中某一特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节，或者针对的主要事实，或利用图形图表或地图来表示信息等。
一、提问方式
这类题主要是针对who, what, which, why, how, when, where等来提问的。如：
(1)Which of the following stateents is true / NOT true / false according to the passage?
(2)In the passage, which of the following is entioned / not entioned?
(3)All the following stateents are true EXCEPT ______.
二、解题技巧
1. 高考试题中的细节理解题主要是通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查考生对英语语言的理解能力。解答这类题可用“寻找题眼”，即从问题入手，找到问题中的题眼，有针对性地扫读短文，迅速锁定相关词句或信息点，然后寻找相关的同义或反义表述，围绕主旨深刻理解材料。
2. 一般可以在中直接或间接找到答案，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思。但正确选项应当与主旨相关联。
3. 如果问题中含有否定意义的词语，如有not, except
等，要特别留心，不要理解错了，而选相反的答案。
三、干扰选项的特点：
1. 是原文信息，但是不是题目要求的内容；
2. 符合常识，但不是内容；
3. 与原句的内容极为相似，只是在程度或范围上有些变动。
细节理解题
例1 【2008 重庆卷阅读D篇】
Seeing a volcano erupt (喷发) is a wonderful experience, and you can really feel the beat by clibing to the suit(山顶) of Pacaya for a close-up vie There are guided tours every day up this highly active volcano fro Antigua. Giving travelers a chance to see other Nature at her ost powerful.
Pacaya is an easy drive fro Antigua, a beautiful city with any colorful houses along its old streets that are turned into art-works during its Holy Week festival. No atter when you coe to Antigua, you won’t iss the Pacaya-tour copanies.
But clibing Pacaya is no easy job: it is 2560 etres high, and reaching the suit takes two to three hours of seeingly one-step-forward and two-step-back oveents. As you clib, you hear the dull sounds of eruptions high above. Steaing. Hot reains fro recent eruptions begin to line the path as you near the active suit; the cKenney Cone(火山锥). Just as though you were going to walk over to the edge of the cone, the road turns to the left and up to the relative safety of the old, inactive suit.
any tours are tied so that you arrive at the cone of the volcano in plenty of tie for sunset and the full contrast between the erupting red lava(熔岩) and the darkening sky. On a good day the view fro the suit is extreely exciting. The active outh boils, sending red lava over its sides, and once in a while shoots hot streas up to 100 etres into the air. There is a strong bad sell in the air even if you take care to be upwind of the cone. As evening turns deeper into the night. the burning lava quietly falls down tae side of the volcano. For you, too, it is tie to get down .
69. Antigua is a city .
A. where people can enjoy cultural festivals B. where the daring Pacaya tour starts
C. that gives a close-up view of Paraya D. that is faous for its tour copanies
70. Clibing to the cKenney Cone, people will .
A. walk directly to the active suit
B. hear the continuous loud noise fro above
C. ake greater efforts than to other suits
D. see a path lined with reains of earlier eruptions
71. any tours are tied for people to .
A. get down the ountain in tie when night falls
B. avoid the sell fro the upwind direction of the cone
C. enjoy the fantastic eruption against the darkening sky
D. appreciate the scenery of the 2560-etre-high ountain