逍遥右脑 2015-09-06 16:35
本部分将常用易混词和词组归纳为127例，进行详细的辨析，并举例说明，以便于考生掌握使用。以下这些词大部分出现在大纲词表上，考生应在学习中特别注意加以区分。
(43)cargo n. /commodity n. /goods n.
cargo一般指“船或飞机运载的货物”;commodity意为“商品”;goods用来泛指“商品，货物等”。
例：These planes can carry a cargo of six tons.
这些飞机能运载6吨货物。
Wine is one of the many commodities that France sells abroad.
葡萄酒是法国向海外销售的许多商品之一。
The goods were brought round early this morning.
今天一大早，这些货物就被带来。
Consumer goods production was to go up by 7 percent.
消费品生产计划增长7%。
(44)case n. /condition n. /situation n. /occasion n.
case常指事物的特定情况，事情真相和始末，如“病例”、“案件”等;condition指某时某处事情发展、存在的状况、状态或条件，一个人的“感觉如何”;situation往往指一组情况或一些情况的综合，常译为“情况”、“形势”;occasion指特定的“时机”、“场合”、“良机”。
例：All the people involved in this case must be present.
所有与这起案件有关的人都必须到场。
Conditions in the office made concentration impossible.
办公室的状况根本不可能使人专心。
The current international situation is not optimistic.
目前的国际形势不容乐观。
It is not very suitable to sing such a song on this formal occasion.
在这种场合唱这样一首歌是不太合适的。
(45)chance n. /opportunity n. /advantage n. /fortune n.
chance着重指偶然或意外的可能，有时也指“好机会”，这时可用“opportunity”替代;opportunity着重指“好机会”，带有“适逢其时、正好便于行事”之意;advantage指有利的条件或优势;fortune指人“交好运气”，有一定迷信的色彩。
例：There is a chance that I will see him these days.
这几天我有可能见到他。
The 2008 Olympic Games will bring us many opportunities and challenges.
2008年奥运会将给我们带来许多机遇和挑战。
It is to your advantage to invest wisely.
明智地投资对你很有利。
It is also believed that fireworks will bring good fortune in the coming year.
据说放鞭炮还能为人们在新的一年里带来好运气。
(46)contest n. /match n. /game n. /play n. /competition n.
contest指“人与人之间进行争夺以取得优胜”之意;match指对手之间进行的比赛、竞赛等力量或智慧较量，通常指具体的比赛;game指决胜负的游戏，通常有一套规则;美国称比赛为game，英国称比赛为match;play最一般用语，指通过游戏或运动达到娱乐目的文体活动;competition指对手之间以某种手段或智慧、力量等压倒对方而取胜。
例：She got the first prize in a recent beauty contest.
她在最近的选美比赛中夺冠。
A critical football match is being transmitted on CCTV 5.
中央五套正在转播一场关键的足球比赛。
The team is preparing for taking part in the coming winter games.
这支队伍正在为即将举行的冬运会做准备。
The school uses some methods which combine language lessens with the play.
这所学校采用了某些方法，将语言课与玩耍结合起来。
To get the advantage in the competition, you must have enough preparation in advance.
为了在竞争中取得优势，你必须之前做好充足的准备。
(47)carry out/perform/realize/come true/come into being
carry out指把预定的计划、规则等变成现实，其意相当于fulfill;perform是do的正规说法，指“执行”、“进行”某种任务或计划等;realize指把梦想、理想、雄心等变成现实，为及物动词;come true不及物用法，指梦想、理想等随时间前进而变成现实;come into being指原来没有的事物现在“开始存在”或“产生出来”。
例：It is time for us to carry out this plan. 是我们实施这个计划的时候了。
The surgeon performed the operation. 医师做了手术。
He has finally realized his dream as a writer in his childhood.
他终于实现了他童年时代想成为作家的梦想。
His dream as a writer in his childhood comes true finally.
他童年时代想成为作家的梦想终于变成了现实。
Recently a new anti-Japan trend has come into being.
最近产生了一股新的反日倾向。
(48)compose v. /compile v. /create v. /produce v. /conceive v.
compose指把各种材料和构思编排成文章、乐曲等;compile着重指汇集资料而后加工成书籍、词典等;create着重指从无到有地进行“创造”、“创作”等;produce最一般用词，指通过一切方法“提出”或“生产”、“制造”出产品或思想成果;conceive指头脑经过思考、想像“想出”主意、办法、假设等。
例：The great musician composed a wonderful musical piece during a night.
这名伟大的音乐家在一夜之间就创作出了一首精美绝伦的音乐作品。
It will take a long time and energy to compile a dictionary.
编撰一本字典要耗费很多的时间和精力。
create a poem 创作一首诗;create a new life 创造一个新的生命
produce a videotape 制作一个录影带;produce a car 生产汽车
The sales manager has been conceiving a plan to increase profits all the night.
销售经理整晚都在构想一个增加利润的计划。
(49)companion n. /fellow n.
companion意为“同胞，伙伴，志趣相投的人”;fellow意为“同伴，同伙，家伙，一起共事的人”。
例：My fellow travelers made good companions.
我的旅伴是不错的搭档。
The boy went to join his fellows on the playing field.
这孩了到操场上和其他小朋友玩起来。
(50)competent a. /capable a. /qualified a.
这三个词都有可以做某事的意思，competent主要指“能胜任，称职，具有某种技能”;capable指“能干，有能力”，常用词组be capable of;qualified主要指“合格，有资格做某事”。
例：Be sure to get a competent electrician for the job.
一定要找一位称职的电气工程师来做这个工作。
John is a very capable and very intelligent boy.
约翰是一个非常有能力、非常聪明的孩子。
I don’t believe she is capable of winning the game.
我不相信她有能力赢得这项比赛。
I am a qualified doctor, who will not hurt you.
我是位合格的医生，不会伤害你的。
(51)component n. /element n.
component意为“部件，元件，成分”，强调每部分是独立的、与其他不同的个体;element意为“元素，成分，要素”，强调每部分为最小的、不可再分的元素或单元。
例：The engine has more than 300 components, made of a number of different materials.
这部引擎有300多个不同材料制成的零件。
Carbon is an element, while carbon dioxide is a compound.
碳是一种元素，二氧化碳是一种化合物。
Honesty, industry, and kindness are elements of a good life.
诚实、勤劳和善良是美好生活的要素。
(52)conserve v. /reserve v. /preserve v.
conserve意为“保存，保护，节约”;reserve意为“保留，预定”;preserve意为“保存，保持，腌制，防腐”。
例：We must conserve our woodlands for future generations.
我们必须为子孙后代保护好我们的林地。
I reserve the right to make my own decisions.
我保留自己做决定的权利。
I reserved a table for four at Newland restaurant.
我在新大陆餐馆定了一张四人桌。
A commission was set up to preserve historical houses in the city.
成立了一个委员会来保护城里的那些历史建筑。
Policemen preserve order in the streets.
警察在街上维持秩序。
Fish are preserved in ice and salt until they are sold.
鱼在出售前一直存放在冰和盐当中。
(53)convert v. /transform v.
convert意为“改变，转变(信仰等)”，主要指把事物从一种状态改变为另一种状态，使其有了新的用途或特征;transform意为“变形，改变”，主要指外形，外表上的改变。
例：These machines convert cotton into cloth.
这些机器将棉花变成布。
Many Africans were converted to Christianity.
许多非洲人皈依了基督教。
He transformed the old kitchen into a beautiful sitting room.
他把一间旧厨房改造成一间美丽的客厅。
(54)convince v. /persuade v.
convince意为“说服，使相信”;persuade意为“劝人做，使同意做，使相信”。
例：I am not quite convinced by what he has said.
他的话还不足以让我信服。
He convinced me that Howard was innocent.
他使我相信霍华德是无辜的。
She persuaded Shelley to adopt a new job.
她劝告雪莉接受新的工作。
She persuaded him that she was telling the truth.
她使他确信她说的是实情。
(55)crash v. /crush v. /smash v.
crash指“车辆、飞机等的碰撞”;crush指“轧碎，辗碎”;smash指“打碎，摔碎”。
例：I dropped the plate and it smashed.
我失手将盘子掉在地上摔碎了。
One of his legs was crushed in an accident.
他的一条腿在车祸中轧断了。
The airplane crashed into a house.
那架飞机撞到了一所民宅上。
(56)danger n. /risk n. /hazard n.
这三个词都可以用来表示危险。danger意为“面临危险的可能性或实际存在的危险，灾害”;risk与danger相比，意味着更多的遭受损失或失败的可能性，常用来指“有风险，冒着风险做某事”;hazard较danger更正式，多指“无法预见，无法控制的危险”。
例：They held a discussion to reduce the danger of military confrontation between the two nations.
他们开会讨论了如何降低两国间发生军事冲突的危险。
There is a risk of you catching cold.
你有患感冒的危险。
The disease is spreading and all children under 5 are at risk.
这种病正在蔓延，5岁以下的儿童都有染上该病的危险。
Icy road is a hazard to all the drivers, especially the green hand.
结冰的公路对所有的司机来说都是一种危险，对新手来说尤其如此。
(57)decline v. /reduce v. /decrease v.
decline指“数量、质量、重要性等慢慢减弱，下降，衰退的过程”;reduce多指“范围、强度、数量的减少，降低”，强调结果，主语往往是人;decrease意为“减少，降低”，强调减少，衰退的过程。
例：During the crisis years the production of coal declined 41.6 percent.
经济危机期间煤产量降低了41.6%。
We have reduced the price of the coat from $100 to $50.
我们将这款外套的价格从100美元降到了50美元。
Water consumption decreased during the winter.
冬天耗水量下降了。
(58)defect n. /fault n. /mistake n. /error n.
这四个词容易弄混，实际上可分为两组：defect, fault指毛病、缺点;mistake和error指错误。defect指表面上的缺陷或人或物本质上的缺点，尤指生产品所存在的缺陷，着重指由于某种欠缺而影响到产品的质量，以致完全妨碍了某种功能的发挥。fault侧重于造成错误的个人责任，还可指人或物的缺点。fault指物时，特指缺乏某种要素而不完善，有毛病，过失。mistake指错误，由于有缺陷的判断，知识不足或粗心造成的失误或错误。error指错误，比较正式，常用于表现无意识地偏离正确的行为、主张或信念。
例：The machine is unsafe because of the defects in it. 这台机器因为有毛病，不安全。
He suffers from a hearing defect. 他听觉有毛病。
例：There is a small electrical fault in the motor. 马达里的电路上有个小毛病。
He could never accept the fact that he had been at fault. 他无法接受自己有错这个事实。
例：This mistake was made entirely through your fault. 这个错误完全归咎于你。
The waiter made a mistake over the bill. 服务员把账算错了。
Your paper is full of spelling mistakes. 你的拼写错误很多。
It is a mistake to leave my camera at home.
把摄像机留在家里真是失策。
Professor Zhang found a technical error in your paper.
张教授在你的论文中发现了一个技术性的错误。
The accident was the result of human error.
这事故是人为的错误造成的。
(59)despair n.&v. /desperate a.
despair是名词和动词，意为“沮丧，绝望，灰心丧气等”，常与in一起搭配;desperate是形容词，意为“绝望的，迫切的，不顾后果的”。
例：Susan cried loudly in despair.
苏珊绝望地失声痛哭。
Don’t despair, things will get better soon.
别灰心，情况很快就会好转的。
He was desperate after the failure of his last attempt.
最后一次尝试失败后，他绝望了。
The prisoners became desperate in their attempts to escape.
囚犯们不顾一切地企图越狱逃跑。
(60)deserve v. /justified a. /reasonable a.
deserve是动词，意为“应当享受……，值得……，应当(受到)……”;justified为“有道理的，正当的”;reasonable意为“合情合理的，公道的，公平的”。
例：Mary really deserves a long holiday after two weeks’ work on end.
玛丽连续工作了两个星期，她的确应享受一次长假。
I’m perfectly willing to pay reasonable price.
我非常愿意为一个合理的价格付款。
The editor is justified in refusing your lousy report.
你这份报导写得真糟糕，编辑当然要拒发了。
(61)distinguish v. /identify v.
distinguish意为“区分，识别”，多与from，between等介词连用;identify意为“认出，识别出”。前者强调区分两个事物的差异，而后者多指从中认出，证明(是谁，是什么)。
例：It was difficult to distinguish anything in the dark.
黑暗中很难辨清物体。
Can you distinguish cotton cloth from nylon?
你能分清棉布和尼龙制品吗?
Could you identify your bicycle among a hundred others?
你能从100辆车中认出自己的自行车吗?
Fred identified the bag as his by telling what it contained.
弗雷德讲出了包内存放物，从而认领了自己的包。