逍遥右脑 2015-05-03 11:57
【题型特点】这类试题旨在考查考生对事实细节的确定。这类试题一般只针对文章中某一特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节，或者针对文章的主要事实，或利用图形图表或地图来表示信息等。此类试题一般又可分为两类：一是直接理解题，答案可在原文中直接找到;二是词义转换题，答案是原文中有关词语和句子的转换，而不能在原文中直接找到。
【命题形式】这类题主要是针对who, what, which, why, how, when, where等来提问的。如：等来提问的。如(1)Which of the following statements is true / NOT true / false, according to the passage?
(2)Which of the following statements is (not) correct?
(3)In the passage, which of the following is mentioned / not mentioned?
(4)All the following statements are not true except ______.
(5)All the statements are true except______.
(6)Choose the right order of the events given in the passage?
(7)When/Where did the story happen?
了解这些题目的设计特点对正确解题有一定帮助。一般来说，设计这些题目时，编题者常常会换用不同的词、词组、短语、句型、或其它不同的表达方式来表达文段中某一相应的词、词组、短语、句型或表达方式所表达的同一意思，以此来考察读者对文段中某一信息的理解。解答这类阅读理解题尤其要求我们熟练掌握所学范围内的词汇、短语、句型及其意义和用法。
【实例分析】下面是选自全国的一篇高考阅读题。短文后面的阅读理解题的设计采用了替换词汇(单词、词组或短语)、替换句型、转换表达形式等命题方式。我们通过对这些例题的分析，具体了解一些阅读理解题的设计特点和解题的基本方法。
The basenji is a central African hunting dog. It comes from a country called Chad, which is north of the Central African Republic. The basenji was well-known as the “silent dog” because for centuries no basenjis had ever been known to bark (吠). Then at a dog show in London in 1953, a basenji actually barked.As well as being clever, basenjis are known for their natural courage and are still popular hunting dogs in Africa. But in America people keep them mainly because they are gentle and full of fun. The basenji has an unusual habit; it washes itself all over like a cat. It is a middle-sized dog, 16 or 17 inches higher from the shoulder. It weighs about 20 pounds. A basenji’s coat is short and silky. It may be brown, white, or gold, or a mixture of these three colours.
1. Basenjis were first found ______.
A. in Africa, Europe and America
B. in both Africa and America
C. in central Africa D. in North Africa
2. What made basenjis so special?
A. They were funny enough to make people laugh.
B. One of them barked at a dog show in London.
C. They were a true friend of man.
D. They were born quiet dogs.
3. Americans like basenjis because they are ______.
A. pleasant
B. pretty
C. clean
D. quiet
4. In what way are basenjis like cats?
A. They make gentle sounds instead of barking.
B. They are fond of people and look like cats.
C. They clean themselves all over.
D. They have short, silky fur.
5. Basenjis are good hunters because they are ______.
A. strong
B. fearless
C. the right colour
D. the right weight
【答案解析】
1. 该题题干的意思可以理解成 Basenjis’ native country is…，其信息联系点在第一自然段的第1句。根据这一句所传达的信息，我们可以排除1A、B两个选项，因为它们均大于文段中所给的信息的范围 (The basenji is a central African hunting dog)。D选项与第一段的第2 north 这个词，但 North Africa 是“北非”，在“非洲”北部;而 north of the Central African Republic 是“中非共和国的北部”，在“中非”北部，它们表示的范围(或概念)不一致，也可以排除，因此，可以确定C选项是正确的。该题题干的设计采用了换句型的方法，即用 Basenjis were first found in central Africa 表达 The Basenji is a central African hunting dog 的意思。
2. 该题可以理解为 Why were Basenjis so special，其信息联系点在第一自然段的第3句。根据这一句所提供的信息，我们基本可以确定D句。根据这一句所提供的信息，我们基本可以确定选项是正确的，因为 …because… 表达了主从句之间的因果关系，而A、B、C三个选项与文段中的信息联系点没有什么关系，因此，都可以排除。该题的设计同时用了换词和换表达形式两种方法，即，用 special 取代 was well-known，用 quiet 取代 silent;用 was born quiet 取代 had never been known to bark。
3. 该题与文段的信息连接点在第二段的第2句，题目的设计采用了换词的手法,because表示主从句之间的因果关系，但题干用 Americans like Basenjis 替代了文段中的 In America people keep Basenjis，即用 Americans 取代了(In America)people，用 like 取代了 keep，用 pleasant 取代了 gentle and full of fun。在四个选项中，B、C两个选项与文段中的信息点 gentle and full of fun 的意思无关;D选项只与信息点的部分意思D(gentle)相关，因此，这三个选项都可以排除。A选项可以完整地概括 gentle and full of fun 全部意思，因此，正确选项应该是A。
4. 该题问的是“Basenjis在那一方面象猫”，其信息连接点在第二段的第3句。该题的设计采用了换词的方法，即C选项 They clean themselves all over 中的 clean 取代了文段中 It washes itself all over”中的“washes”，符合题意，而A、B、D三个选项的意思均与该信息点的意思无关，因此均可以排除。
5.该题的信息连接点在第二段的第1句。题目的设计采用了换词、换表达形式的方法。文段中的“…Basenjis are known for their natural courage and are still popular ”句。题目的设计采用了换词、换表达形式的方法。文段中的“”实际上可以理解为“Basenjis are still popular hunting dogs because they are known for their natural courage”，即文段中用“and”表示前后两个并列句之间的因果关系，而题干用“because”表示主从句之间的因果关系;此外，题干中的“good hunters”取代了文段中的“popular hunting dogs”，B选项中的“fearless”取代了文段中的“courage”，符合文意，因此正确，而A、C、D三个选项均与文中相关信息点的意思无关，可以排除。
阅读理解题的设计千变万化，但只要我们加强阅读实践，不断总结经验，同时注意题目设计的基本规律，就一定能提高我们的阅读理解水平和能力。