逍遥右脑 2015-04-26 17:12
1. 连词的分类
连词和介词一样,不能单独在句子里作句子成分,只能起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的作用。连词具体分类如下表:
分类
名称
功能
连词举例
按形式分类
单一连词
连接同等成分
and,but,for
短语连词
(同上)
aslongas,incase
成对连词
(同上)
both…and…either…or
按功能分类
并列连词
连接词与词,句与句
and,but,for
从属连词
连接主句与从句
when,where,as
1.1 关联连词
起关联作用的连词有 and,词组 both… and,neither… nor,not only… but also…,as well as 等,其用法如下:
(1)and
①用于肯定的并列。如:
The drink was cold and sweet.
这饮料喝着又凉又甜。
有些被视为一个整体的两个名词并列时,词序固定。如:
thunder and lightning(电闪雷鸣)
hat and coat(衣帽)
rich and poor(穷富)
and 并列两个动作时,表示动作的连续或重复。如:
She brushed her teeth and went to bed.
她刷了牙就睡觉了。
Will you close the window and turn off the light before you leave?
你走之前把窗户关上,灯关掉好吗?
②and 与 yet 连用,引导对比性的内容。如:
He is rich, and yet leads a modest life.
他富有但生活不奢侈。
③and 常于动词 try,wait 等之后与另一个动词连用(try 等词此时需为原形)。如:
Try and get some water.
想办法找些水来。
Let’s wait and see.
我们等等看吧。
④and 用在动词 come,go,run,hurry up,stay,stop 等不及物动词之后代替 to, 与另一个动词连接,则第二个动词表示目的。此时 come 等可有过去式和第三人称形式。如:
I went and watched the game with Jimmy yesterday.
昨天我和吉米去看比赛了。
Go and buy a new coat for yourself.
去给你自己买件新大衣吧。
在口语中,go 后面的 and 常省略。如:
Go jump in the river.
⑤在“祈使句+ and +句子”中,祈使句表示条件,后面的句子表示结果。如:
Work hard and you’ll make progress.
努力工作你就会有进步。
Use your head and you’ll find a way.
动动脑子你就会有办法。
(2)并列连词 both… and… 与 and 的作用基本相同,但语气较 and 强。但 both… and…不能并列连接两个句子。如:
He can speak both English and French.
他会说英语和法语。
The book is both interesting and instructive.
这本书既有意义,又有趣味。
He is famous both as a novelist and as a statesman.
作为小说家和政治家,他都是有名的。
and 和 both… and… 的否定形式一律用 neither… nor…。如:
I neither smoke nor drink.
我既不吸烟也不喝酒。
(3)并列连词词组 as well as,not only… but also… 作用与 and 相同,只是各自的侧重点不同。用 as well as 时,侧重点在 as well as 前的部分;用 not only… but also…时,侧重点在 but also 后面的部分。请比较下面两个句子译文的词序:
他不仅有一辆摩托车,而且还有一辆小汽车。
He’s got a car as well as a motorbike.
He’s got not only a motorbike but a car.
她不仅美丽而且聪明。
She is clever as well as beautiful.
She is not only beautiful but clever.
在使用 as well as 时还要注意以下几个方面:
①尽管 as well as 也可连接两个句子,但有时表示的是比较意义,而不是并列意义。如:
She sings as well as she plays.
她演奏得好,歌唱得也好。
②as well as 引导的句子不能出现在句首。例如,不可以说:
As well as he broke his leg, he hurt his arm.
他不仅断了腿而且伤了胳膊。
③as well as 后跟动词时,一律要用动词的 -ing 形式。如:
She sings as well as playing the piano.
她钢琴弹得好,歌唱得也好。
1.2. 选择连词
(1)or
①在陈述句中,or 连接两个通常在内容上相互排斥的部分。如:
Is he innocent or guilty?
他是有罪还是无罪?
②在否定句或否定结构中表明并列的两个部分都是否定。如:
I can’t speak English or French.
我既不会说英语也不会说法语。
(2)either… or
either… or 和 or 作用相同,只是选择的意义较 or 强。如:
Come either today or tomorrow.
今天来,要么明天来。
(3)whether… or
I shall go, whether you come with me.
不管你是否跟我一起去,我是要去的。
1.4 转折连词
1. but 表示情况相反的,形成鲜明对照
Charms strike the sight, but merits win the soul.
美貌悦目,美德服人。
2. 委婉的转折
I’d like to help you but I’m very busy.
我想帮助你,可是我太忙。
3. 在动词 expect,hope,think,intend,mean( = intend),suppose,want 之后,以解释意图或动作未实现的原因。如:
I meant to come to see you last night, but a friend dropped in.
昨晚我本想来看你,但一个朋友来访了。
除了转折连词 but 外,连接副词 yet,still,however,while 等也可表示转折。如:
You can do it in an hour, yet you kept me waiting for a week.
你一个小时就可以做的事情,却让我等了一个星期。
1.5. 表示因果的连词
1. for
for 作并列连词,表示原因时,只能用在表示结果的句子之后,且用逗号隔开,通常用来对前面的句子进行说明解释或提供证据。如:
She looks pale, for she has been ill.
因为她生病了,所以她脸色苍白。
2. so,therefore 等副词也能在意义上起连接作用。如:
I’ve never been to France and therefore I don’t know much about it.
我从来没去过法国,所以我对那个国家不了解。
1.7.2.2. 从属连词的用法
引导一个从句作句子成分的连词叫从属连词。从属连词分为两类:引导名词性从句的连词和引导副词性从句的连词。
1.7.2.2.1. 引导名词性从句的从属连词
1. 从属连词 that
引导名词性从句的 that 无词汇意义,在从句中不作句子成分,仅起连接作用。如:
It seems that he will not agree with us.
似乎他不同意我们的意见。
that 引导的名词从句有几点要注意:
(1) 引导的名词从句作主语并且处于句首时,that 不能省略。从句作主语只用于非正式英语,在正式英语中常用 the fact that 从句作主语。试比较:
That air has pressure was known long ago.
空气有压力,人们早就知道。(非正式)
(2) that 引导的名词从句作动词 believe,expect,hear,hope,know,say,suppose,tell,think,wish 等的宾语时,that 可以省略。如:
I thought you knew his death.
我原以为你知道他的死呢。
(3) 并列的 that 从句作宾语时,that 永远不省略。如:
Everyone could see what was happening and that poor George was really scared.
大家都看到正发生的事,也看到可怜的乔治吓坏了。
(4) that 从句作 have,owe,take 等几个及物动词的宾语时,在这些动词与 that 从句中嵌入形式宾语 it。如:
He owed it to his first teacher of English that he had a good pronunciation.
他的发音很好,他把这一点归功于他的第一位英语老师。
(5) 作介词(but,except 等除外)宾语时,要用 the fact。
2. 连词 whether
引导名词从句的 whether 有词汇意义,表示“是否”,但不作句子成分。
Whether he will come is unknown.
他来不来还不知道呢。
I am worrying about whether I hurt her feeling.
我担心是否伤了她的感情。
whether 在引导从句作动词宾语时,口语中常用 if 代替,尤其是动词 wonder 等之后。如:
I wonder if you would mind helping me.
不知道你是否愿意帮助我。
注意:doubt 后面引导名词从句的连词 whether 和 that 的用法:当 doubt 是肯定式时,用 whether 引导名词从句,如果是否定式,则用 that 引导。如:
There is some doubt whether John will come on time.
约翰会不会准时来还有怀疑。
3. wh-word(when,where,what,who,how,why)作从属连词,wh-words 引导名词从句时,一有词汇意义;二起连接作用;三在从句中充当句子成分。如: