逍遥右脑 2015-04-09 10:27
命题特点
英语学习活动非常复杂，然而它的本质特征主要体现在两个方面：1.语言规则系统的重构，即语音规则系统，语法规则系统和语义规则系统的重构；2.跨文化交际能力的培养，即在交际环境中正确，恰当地运用英语能力的培养。
高考英语命题和试卷设计正是突出了英语学习活动的这一特点。虽然高考英语试题的命题已由“知识立意”转向“能力立意”，但是语言知识在试卷中的地位、在语言学习中的作用始终不容忽视。知识是能力的基础，对能力的测试不可避免地要结合对知识的测试，没有基础的语言知识，就谈不上语言能力的发展。因此高考英语备考必须十分重视英语学习的知识体系。备考过程不应是对已学知识的简单重复和强化，而应将中学六年所学的零散的、孤立的语言知识有机地结合起来，形成一个完整的知识体系，从而摸索出规律，过好基础关，为语言运用打下扎实的基础。
典例精析
在分析、理解和运作语言时，必须同时考虑英语句子的结构和意义两大因素，先结构再意义，以确保正确地表情达意。
例1 It is dangerous to let the children who are _____ go swimming.
A. so young to B. so young C . too young to D. not old enough to
分析：本题若只看选项表面，很容易误选C或D。但若看清该句主语为不定式短语，其中附有修饰宾语the children的定语从句 “ who are___”，则很容易发现该不定式的结构为 “let sb. do” ，答案自然为B。
关注句子的结构和意义，必须注重上下文提供的语境及结构线索。
例2 ——Haven’t seen you for ages! Do you still work in Shanghai?
——_________. It is 2 years since I worked there.
A. Yes, I do B. No, I don’t C. Yes, I have D. No, I haven’t
分析：本句关键是正确理解 “It is 2 years since I worked there.”
“It is + time + since …”属英语常用特定句子结构，表示动作自过去发生至今有多久。但该结构从句中谓语动词的性质决定其最终的意义。从句中谓语动词为瞬间性动词，则表该瞬间动词发生至今时间多久；若从句中谓语动词为延续性动词，则表示该延续动词动作终止至今时间多久. “ worked” 属延续性动词，该句意为 “我至今已有两年没在上海工作了。”，显然，本题的答案为B。
例3 ——Who’s made so much noise in the garden?
——______ the children.
A. There are B. They are; C. That is D. It is
分析：根据本题问句的结构, “who”是谓语 “has made” 的主语，则断定答句中的 “the children”只能是句子的主语，即：The children have made so much noise in the garden. 这样才叫“所答所问”。可见本题无需填词便已完整。但结合选项，只有D项能达此要求。只是答者用强调结构形式来回答主语the children。完整的答句为：It is the children who have made so much noise in the garden.其它选项均属“答非所问”。
例4 The chairman thought _____ necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.
A. that B. it C. this D. him
分析：本题中的谓语动词 “thought”可拥有 “S+V+O+C”句子结构。该句动词的宾语为不定式短语 to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting，而 necessary则为宾语补语，与宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系；根据语法要求，须用形式主语 it来完成全句。
例5 I’ll go to London next week. Do you have anything _____ to your parents?
A. to take B. to bring C. to be taken D. to be brought
分析：由本句的结构可以得知，选项将要完成不定式作定语修饰anything。根据句意，动词自然为take。就句子结构而言，A和C项都成立，但意义不同。A项不定式主动形式，表明该不定式动作是本句主语you所为；而C项不定式被动形式，则强调该不定式动作是除本句主语you之外的人所为，恰好符合本题的意义，即：你是否有什么东西要我带给你的父母？可见，C项便在情理之中了。
例6 ——It was three o’clock _____ we arrived at the village.
—— Oh, it was also at three o’clock ______ that arrived at the village.
A. that ; when B. when ; that C. that ; that D. when ; when
分析：从对话双方陈述的内容并结合所用的句子结构，可以得知，第一句中的it有实意，表示时间，其中 “it was three o’clock”为全句的主体，空档选when引导时间状语从句，表示我们到达的时间是三点钟。而第二句的意义与第一句意义雷同，但注意到句中有at three o’clock,可见，该句中的it为形式主语，句子属强调结构，以强调句中的时间状语at three o’clock，自然空档应选that。因此，完成整个对话便选B。
例7 Don’t stop trying . You’ll be sure _______ .
A. to succeed B. of succeeding C. of success D. about your succeeding
分析：“be sure”的组句结构既可为 “be sure to do sth.” 也可为 “be sure of / about doing sth.”. 但其意义不同。 “You’ll be sure to succeed. == I’m sure that you’ll succeed.”，即强调说话者(the speaker)的观点；而 “You’ll be sure of succeeding. == You are sure that you’ll succeed.”，即 强调句中主语(the subject)自己的观点。根据本题提供的语境 “Don’t stop trying”，显然，A是唯一合适的选项。
例7 The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _____ placed under the Minister’s car.
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
分析：句子时态语态是英语学习永恒的主题。本题考查从句中时态的正确选用。根据主句提供的语言背景 “The policeman’s attention was caught”（警察注意到）为过去时，表明“盒子被放在车子下面”是“在警察注意到”之前发生的动作，属过去的过去，自然要用过去完成时，C项便在情理之中。
（注：本文中的例子，均是老师对高考的重新设计。）
探究规律
英语是一门十分注重结构的语言。句子结构不同，意义各异，如：
(1)He found the article easily （ S+V+O）
(2)He found the article easy. ( S+V+O+C)
本组句子一字之差，其结构和意义迥然不同。前句为S+V+O 结构，其中easily修饰谓语动词，全句意为“他轻而易举地找到了这篇文章。”；后句则为S+V+O+C 结构，其中easy 为宾语补语，与宾语the article构成逻辑上的主谓关系，全句意为“他发现这篇文章不难。”
备考建议
复习备考始终以句子为训练和实践的基本单位，紧紧围绕句子的核心，即谓语动词、句子的组合，即各类从句和句子的转换，即非谓语形式这三大语法支柱来开展语言复习的各项活动，达到词不离句、句不离文。
鉴于英语学习的基本特征，高考英语备考还应注意积累一定量的语言文化知识，以推动对句子乃至语段的结构和意义的准确把握和理解。
What he played on that occasion was no more than a Judas kiss.
本句中的 “ a Judas kiss ” 源于圣经《马太福音》犹大以亲吻耶稣的方式出卖耶稣的故事。只要了解这一语言背景，则不难理解a Judas kiss== an act of treachery, 毕业背叛行为。 全句确切含意便一目了然。
2014年展望
必须指出，近年来高考英语试题的整体难度有所下降，其语言地道、语境仿真、不拘一格、讲究实用，要求学生不死记语法，不死钻怪题，而应注重句子结构，在语言的实用意义上下功夫。因此，高考备考中必须对句子的结构和意义予以足够重视，以实践原则指导高考复习，促进能力转化。
知识的掌握和语言能力的形成要靠大量的语言实践。多实践练习，则熟能生巧，能力就会自然提高。在高三最后复习阶段，时间很有限。备考要有广度和一定深度，但反对题海战术，反对无选择地大量重复的机械练习题；杜绝一切偏、难、怪题，提倡精选精练那些设计严密、具有科学性、系统性、针对性的练习题，限时完成，保证质量；题不在多，典型就行；题不在难，思考就灵。要通过练习及时发现问题和解决问题，提高分辨能力，掌握解题技巧。在处理练习时，不要只求答案，要进行多角度设问，使自己既要知其然，更要知其所以然。要通过典型题分析，培养自己举一反三、触类旁通的能力。在有限的时间内达到最佳的复习效果。
练兵场
1. With the fact that he is a good deal younger than the rest of us ______ into account I think he has done pretty well indeed.
A. taking B. taken C. to take D. to be taken
2.? Mum’s gift? She ______ have chosen a better one for me.
-- Oh, she _____ be very happy to know it.
A. should; must B. couldn’t; must C. might ; would D. mustn’t ; can’t
3.. ? How did you sleep last night ?
-- Like a log. Never slept ______.
A. well B. deeply C. better D. best
4. This form should be filled _______ ink .
A. in B. with C. in with D. in in
5. ? Tom and Mike have made great progress recently.
-- ______ , and ______ .
A. So they were ; so you have B. So they have ; so have you
C. So have they ; so have you D. So have they ; so you have
6. _____ is known to all that the island has been Chinese territory since ancient times.
A. As B. Which C. What D. It
7. The student spent most of his spare time _____the TV set.
A. watching B. looking at C. in front of D. in seeing
8. Early in the morning _____ the enemy was coming towards the village.
A. the news came that B. came the news that
C. did the news come that D. came the news which
9. I had to buy _____ these books because I didn’t know which one was the best.
A. both B. none C. neither D. all
10. ? One week’s time has been wasted.
-- I can’t believe we did all that work for _____ .
A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything
11. Parents are taught to understand ______ important education is to their children’s future.
A. that B. how C. such D. so
12. ? I called you up at ten yesterday morning, but you were not in.
-- Oh, I ______the doctor then.
A. saw B. was seeing C. has seen D. am seeing
13. He insisted that he ______ right in doing that.
A. should be B. be C. was D. had been
14. It will be quite a long time ______ she is back again, so don’t be too cross with her.
A. that B. since C. before D. until
15. This is a disease that can result in total blindness ______ left untreated.
A. after B. if C. since D. unless
16. _____ he took part in the competition, he won a second prize.
A. The first time B. For the first time C. At a time D. First time
17. He was rude to the Customs officer, ______ of course made things even worse.
A. who B. whom C. what D. which
18. Was it _____ he said or something he did ______ made her cry so sadly.
A. what ; what B. that ; that C. that ; what D. what ; that
19. He has been working for more than 20 years and seldom _____ so tired as he do now.
A. he has felt B. he had felt C. has he felt D. had he felt
20. The noise of the machines _______ can be clearly heard in our classroom.
A. fixed B. being fixed C. to be fixed D. having been fixed
21. She likes to sleep with the window ______ and the electric fan ______ .
A. open ; working B. opened ; worked C. opening ; working D. opening ; worked
22. Is this the watch which you wish ______ ?
A. to repair it B. to have it repaired C. to have repaired D. will be repaired
23. ? What’s made John so upset ?
-- I believe _______ the game. It shocked him so much.
A. for losing B. lost C. losing D. because of losing
24. Words ______ me when I wanted to express my thanks to him for having save my son from the
burning house.
A. failed B. left C. discouraged D. disappointed
25. What was it ______ made our area different from what it used to be ?
A. has B. had C. that D. which
26. Long ago there ______ an old man and his kind wife in this house.
A. is B. lived C. had D. had been
参考答案
BBCDB / DCBDB / BBCCB / ADDCB / ACCAC / B